“…Of the 43 studies, 31 studies used a cross-sectional design to identify cLBP phenotypes. 5,6,[11][12][13][14]16,17,[20][21][22]26,51,53,57,58,[60][61][62]66,67,70,74,75,80,81,91,92,97,104,108 The remaining 12 studies used a longitudinal prospective design to identify cLBP phenotypes that predicted cLBP outcomes after a series of follow-up measures. [1][2][3]10,18,29,32,33,45,56,76,79…”