Preliminary description and nutritional characterization of a chemoorganotrophic archaeobacterium growing at temperatures of up to 110 ° isolated from a submarine hydrothermal vent environment

Pledger, Ralph J.; Baross, John A.

doi:10.1099/00221287-137-1-203

Cited by 72 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The hyperthermophilic strain ES4 is an anaerobic heterotrophic sulfur-reducing archaeon requiring all 20 amino acids as well as vitamins for growth (13). ES4 grows at temperatures between 66 and 110°C, with its normal (Arrhenius) temperature range being between 76 and 99°C (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced thermotolerance and temperature-induced changes in protein composition in the hyperthermophilic archaeon ES4

Holden

Baross

1993

J Bacteriol

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The hyperthermophilic archaeon ES4, a heterotrophic sulfur reducer isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, is capable of protecting itself from thermal stress at temperatures above its optimum for growth. The thermotolerance of ES4 was determined by exposing log-phase cells to various lethal high temperatures. When ES4 was shifted from 95 to 102'C, it displayed recovery from an exponential rate of death, followed by transient thermotolerance. When All organisms examined thus far, from Escherichia coli to mammals, contain a stress response mechanism known as the heat shock response (6, 9). The heat shock response involves the increased synthesis of proteins which protect an organism from thermal and other stresses. In general, the primary function of heat shock proteins is to stabilize, repair, or degrade proteins damaged by thermal stress and to prepare for a return to normal temperatures (6, 9). Heat shock is a transient response to exposure to temperatures above the optimum for growth, or hyperthermal conditions. A heat-shocked organism cannot carry out hyperthermal growth indefinitely (9, 24); thus, heat shock is a means of "weathering" a period of thermal stress until a return to normal temperatures occurs.There are organisms capable of growth at temperatures above the mesophilic temperature range. These organisms are the thermophiles and the hyperthermophiles, which grow at temperatures of above 60 and 90°C, respectively (2).Although thermophiles are found among both bacteria and archaea, the hyperthermophiles are highly represented among the archaea (25). Presently, our understanding of how archaea grow and survive at temperatures above 100°C is very incomplete. One postulated mechanism for high-temperature survival of archaea is the presence of tetraether lipids, whose cyclic structure forms a bonded cell wall bilayer (5, 19). Other mechanisms involve reverse gyrase, which creates a positive supercoil in primarily hyperthermophilic DNA (3), and the histone HMf, which adds thermotolerance to double-stranded DNA (18).Another mechanism for survival among hyperthermophilic archaea is a heat shock-like response found in Sulfolobus shibatae and Pyrodictium occultum (12, 23). Unlike heat shock in mesophilic organisms, these archaea constitutively produce a pair of proteins which remain present over the entire temperature growth range for each organism (12,22,23). Furthermore, the relative abundance of all other pro-* Corresponding author. teins decreases significantly under hyperthermal conditions. In both organisms, these two proteins associate into a complex which is capable of binding to denatured proteins.This research sought to determine whether a heat shocklike response exists in ES4, a heterotrophic sulfur-reducing archaeon isolated from a hydrothermal vent structure (13). Two experimental approaches were used. First, thermal death-curve experiments were run to determine whether enhanced thermotolerance occurs in ES4 when it is exposed to lethal high temperatures. Second, the protein composition of ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This research sought to determine whether a heat shocklike response exists in ES4, a heterotrophic sulfur-reducing archaeon isolated from a hydrothermal vent structure (13). Two experimental approaches were used.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhanced thermotolerance and temperature-induced changes in protein composition in the hyperthermophilic archaeon ES4

Holden

Baross

1993

J Bacteriol

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“…PLEDGER and BAROSS, 1991;STETTER et al, 1990) may significantly influence the composition of high temperature vent fluids.…”

Section: Sources Of Carbon Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons in hydrothermal fluids from Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge

Cruse

Seewald

2006

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

108

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Hydrothermal vent fluids from Middle Valley, a sediment-covered mid-ocean ridge on the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge, were sampled in July, 2000. Eight different vents with exit temperatures of 186 to 281°C were sampled from two areas of venting: the Dead Dog and ODP Mound fields. Fluids from the Dead Dog field are characterized by higher concentrations of ΣNH 3 and organic compounds (C 1 -C 4 alkanes, ethene, propene, benzene and toluene) compared with fluids from the ODP Mound field. The ODP Mound fluids, however, are characterized by higher C 1 /(C 2 +C 3 ) and benzene:toluene ratios than those from the Dead Dog field. The aqueous organic compounds in these fluids have been derived from both bacterial processes (methanogenesis in low-temperature regions during recharge) as well as from thermogenic processes in higher-temperature portions of the subsurface reaction zone. As the sediments undergo hydrothermal alteration, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons are released to solution as organic matter degrades via a stepwise oxidation process. Compositional and isotopic differences in the aqueous hydrocarbons indicate that maximum subsurface temperatures at the ODP Mound are greater than those at the Dead Dog field. Maximum subsurface temperatures were calculated assuming that thermodynamic equilibrium is attained between alkenes and alkanes, benzene and toluene, and carbon dioxide and methane. The calculated temperatures for alkene-alkane equilibrium are consistent with differences in the dissolved Cl concentrations in fluids from the two fields, and indicate that subsurface temperatures at the ODP Mound are hotter than those at the Dead Dog field. Temperatures calculated assuming benzene-toluene equilibrium and carbon dioxide-methane equilibrium are similar to observed exit temperatures, and do not record the hottest subsurface conditions. The difference in subsurface temperatures estimated using organic geochemical thermometers reflects subsurface cooling processes via mixing of a hot, low-salinity vapor with a cooler, seawater salinity fluid. Because of the disparate temperature dependence of alkene-alkane and benzene-toluene equilibria, the mixed fluid records both the high and low temperature equilibrium conditions. These calculations indicate that vapor-rich fluids are presently being formed in the crust beneath the ODP Mound, yet do not reach the surface due to mixing with the lower-temperature fluids.2

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“…Previously, this had only been predicted from the extensive amount of indirect geochemical evidence, that is, chemical changes in pore water, gas production, kerogen modification, concretion formation, and isotopic evidence (Krumbein, 1983;Suess and Whiticar, 1989;Kvenvolden and Kastner, 1990;Kastner et al, 1991). The thermal gradient of the Earth's crust is ~10°−40°C/km, therefore, in most sediments temperature is unlikely to inhibit bacterial activity until several kilometers below the seafloor as hyperthermophilic bacteria may grow in excess of 110°C (Huber et al, 1989;Pledger and Baross, 1991;Jørgensen et al, 1992). Deep sediment bacterial populations decrease exponentially with depth and have been shown to be responsive to deep geochemical changes in the sediment, such as brine incursions Parkes et al, 1990) and the presence of methane and hydrogen sulfide gas hydrates (Cragg et al, 1995b;1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial profiles in Amazon Fan sediments, Sites 934 and 940

Cragg¹,

Law²,

Cramp³

et al. 1997

Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 155 Scientific Results

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Bacterial populations were quantified at two Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 155 sites in the Amazon Fan system to depths of 108 and 245 meters below seafloor (mbsf) in water depths of ~3400 and 3200 m, respectively. Bacteria were present in all samples, and populations decreased gradually with depth. However, divided/dividing cells were absent in some samples below 70 mbsf. Sediment accumulation rates in the Amazon Fan periodically have been very rapid (to 25 m/k.y.), and the structure of the sediment at both sites was dominated by turbidites, debris flows, and levee slumps. Bacterial profiles at both sites indicated that bacterial populations could be related to changes in the lithostratigraphy. Zones of frequent, small turbidites coupled with bioturbation and zones of massive mud flows or slumps were generally associated with unusually constant bacterial profiles. Conversely, outside these zones where sedimentary input was more dominated by material from the water column, the expected gradual decrease in bacterial populations with depth was observed. A particularly striking change was a strongly positive increase (× 3.7) of bacterial numbers (P << 0.001) coincident with sediment layers rich in plant remains and wood fragments between 17 and 26 mbsf at Site 934. Despite this, the overall profiles conformed to a bacterial depth distribution derived from other ODP sites (exclusively from the Pacific Ocean) indicating that deep bacterial populations are characteristic of all marine sediment. A few tens of centimeters of sediment have accumulated since the fan has been inactive, and near-surface bacterial populations (5.6 − 6.0 × 10 8 cells/cm 3 ) are consistent with a trend in near-surface populations with varying water depth observed at Pacific Ocean sites.

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Preliminary description and nutritional characterization of a chemoorganotrophic archaeobacterium growing at temperatures of up to 110 ° isolated from a submarine hydrothermal vent environment

Cited by 72 publications

References 31 publications

Enhanced thermotolerance and temperature-induced changes in protein composition in the hyperthermophilic archaeon ES4

Enhanced thermotolerance and temperature-induced changes in protein composition in the hyperthermophilic archaeon ES4

Geochemistry of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons in hydrothermal fluids from Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge

Bacterial profiles in Amazon Fan sediments, Sites 934 and 940

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