Preliminary evaluation of a pulsed 2.15‐μm laser system for fiberoptic endoscopic surgery

Treat, Michael R.; Trokel, Stephen L.; Reynolds, Ronald D.; DeFilippi, Vincent J.; Andrew, James E.; Liu, Jenn Ying; Cohen, Martin

doi:10.1002/lsm.1900080316

Cited by 41 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[51,52] They provide an appropriate tool for high-resolution molecular spectroscopy, atmospheric remote sensing, and medical surgery, as several absorption lines of chemical compounds, such as H 2 O, CO 2 , and NO 2 , are present in this range. [53][54][55][56] Tm-doped and Tm-Ho co-doped active media can be pumped by commercially available high-power InGaAs laser diodes at wavelengths around 790 nm, allowing the implementation of efficient, compact, and rugged laser sources. [53] These devices are particularly important for studies of atmospheric pollution, but no commercial SAs exist for this spectral range at the moment.…”

Section: Nanotubes As Saturable Absorbersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotube–Polymer Composites for Ultrafast Photonics

et al. 2009

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Polymer composites are one of the most attractive near‐term means to exploit the unique properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene. This is particularly true for composites aimed at electronics and photonics, where a number of promising applications have already been demonstrated. One such example is nanotube‐based saturable absorbers. These can be used as all‐optical switches, optical amplifier noise suppressors, or mode‐lockers to generate ultrashort laser pulses. Here, we review various aspects of fabrication, characterization, device implementation and operation of nanotube‐polymer composites to be used in photonic applications. We also summarize recent results on graphene‐based saturable absorbers for ultrafast lasers.

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Section: Nanotubes As Saturable Absorbersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotube–Polymer Composites for Ultrafast Photonics

et al. 2009

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“…Therefore, Er-YAG radiation has a very short penetration depth (1 pm), producing small volumes of ablated tissue and small zones of thermal damage [3,6,8,13]. The Ho-YAG laser absorption coefficient is lower than the Er-YAG [31, so that the absorption length into the tissue is longer and the extent of thermal damage is greater [10,13,16] Hz. Evaporative mass loss was measured for 30 s before laser treatment and continued for 335 s. beroptic transmission of 2.9 pm radiation using zirconium fluoride fibers is being developed [3,8,171, but these fibers are brittle and easily breakable [6,171. This study compares the amount of lens tissue ablated and the extent of surrounding tissue damaged with Er-YAG and Ho-YAG lasers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Erbium‐YAG and holmium‐YAG laser ablation of the lens

Ross

Puliafito

1994

Lasers Surg Med

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Er-YAG (2.9 microns, 200 microseconds pulsewidth) and Ho-YAG (2.12 microns, 250 microseconds pulsewidth) lasers were used to irradiate bovine crystalline lenses. Mass ablated increased with increasing fluence for both lasers and was greater for the Er-YAG than the Ho-YAG laser at all fluences. The mass loss vs. fluence curve was nonlinear for the Er-YAG and linear for the Ho-YAG laser. Ablation threshold was lower for the Er-YAG. Grossly, the Er-YAG laser produced less charring and expressed fewer, smaller tissue pieces than the Ho-YAG. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the Er-YAG produced smoother walled craters. The Ho-YAG laser produced more dessicated and disrupted craters. The Er-YAG radiation, delivered by fiberoptic probes, may provide a method of performing minimally invasive cataract surgery.

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“…When the plasma cutting occurs, energy densities are achieved by stripping the electrons from the atom (energy concentration > 109 J/cm2) [25], Incisions with minor residual thermal damage have been demon strated with the 2,120-nm holmium and the 2,930 nm erbium:YAG pulses, which have proved to have the best ablative characteristics of all infrared lasers [26]. The holmium:YAG laser is an attractive alternative to the erbium:YAG and CCH lasers for a variety of otolaryngological applications; its energy can be transmitted with high efficiency through flexible nylon fibres to a target without danger to surrounding structures [27,28]. In our experimental settings, the irradiance for both types of laser was in the range of photo-ablation and plasma formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the Holmium: YAG and Erbium: YAG Lasers on Endotracheal Tubes

Kautzky¹,

Fitzgerald

Dechtyar

et al. 1993

ORL

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Endotracheal tube (ET) fire is the most frequent complication arising with laser surgery in the upper aerodigestive tract. No data are available about the safety of commonly used ETs when used with recently developed high-energy pulsed lasers, working with only a minimal thermal component but mainly photo-ablative. A comparative in vitro study was performed with three types of endotracheal tubes to assess their resistance to wall and cuff damage by the laser beams of two pulsed infrared solid-state lasers. ET perforation was attempted with the erbium:YAG (λ = 2,930 nm) and holmium: YAG (λ = 2,120 nm) lasers. For all experiments, a repetition rate of 5 Hz was used. The 2.5-µs holmium: YAG pulses were coupled into a nylon fibre of 400 µm diameter. The 2.0-µs erbium:YAG laser pulses were applied to ETs through a lens system providing a spot size diameter of 200 µm. Polyvinyl chloride and silicon ET segments were exposed to laser pulse energies from 97 to 500 mJ in the presence of different anaesthetic gas mixtures. The time from the onset of exposure to tube perforation was recorded. Thermal gradients following laser application were measured. Laser exposure was continued for up to 90 s, unless tube ignition occurred. At all energy levels tested, the photo-ablative mechanism of laser-tube interaction, with few thermal components, led to laser-induced tube ignition if an FiO₂ > 21% for the holmium:YAG and 34% for the erbium: YAG laser was established. With increasing pulse energies, ET segments ignited sooner. MLT^TM tubes performed best in the present safety test.

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Preliminary evaluation of a pulsed 2.15‐μm laser system for fiberoptic endoscopic surgery

Cited by 41 publications

References 14 publications

Nanotube–Polymer Composites for Ultrafast Photonics

Nanotube–Polymer Composites for Ultrafast Photonics

Erbium‐YAG and holmium‐YAG laser ablation of the lens

Effects of the Holmium: YAG and Erbium: YAG Lasers on Endotracheal Tubes

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