Preliminary investigation and dynamic analysis of a multiphase ice-rock avalanche on July 5, 2021, in the upper Naltar valley, Gilgit, Pakistan

Gardezi, Hasnain; Xing, Aiguo; Bilal, Muhammad; Zhuang, Yu; Muhammad, Shoaib; Janjua, Shahmir

doi:10.1007/s10346-021-01840-0

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…To close the depth‐averaging flow equations, the terrain friction τ b , the two‐phase interaction stress τ mb and the entrainment velocity u b need to be defined. According to preliminary research, the Voellmy frictional model was found to present the most accurate results in the numerical simulation of the recorded events (Gardezi et al., 2022; Xing et al., 2016; Zhuang et al., 2020). To consider the basal lubrication from the ice melting, we introduce a lubrication factor L , which is assumed to be related to the volume fraction of ice.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The climatic change in high mountain ranges may cause the weakening of glacial permafrost linkages by cyclic freeze and thaw, resulting in slope failure (Deng et al., 2017; Fischer et al., 2013; Lyu, 2017). Glacial debris flow, such as ice‐rock debris, is more dangerous than normal debris flows because it shows changing flow behavior as the snow and ice melts by frictional heating producing sufficient water (Gardezi et al., 2022). For example, ice‐rock debris flows caused disastrous effects on population and infrastructure (Gardezi et al., 2022; Gnyawali et al., 2020; Shugar et al., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glacial debris flow, such as ice‐rock debris, is more dangerous than normal debris flows because it shows changing flow behavior as the snow and ice melts by frictional heating producing sufficient water (Gardezi et al., 2022). For example, ice‐rock debris flows caused disastrous effects on population and infrastructure (Gardezi et al., 2022; Gnyawali et al., 2020; Shugar et al., 2021). The most recent glacial debris flows occurred in the Tianmo valley along the Sichuan‐Tibet Highway on 11 July 2018, when over 3.0 × 10 5 m 3 of rock mass and glacial ice collapsed down the hill‐slope and covered a runout distance of approximately 4,000 m. The debris flow blocked the Palongzangbu River, forming a 30 m high dam and a 1.5 km long barrier lake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preliminary Investigation on the Kinetic Characteristics of the Glacial Debris Flows in Tianmo Valley, Tibet Plateau, China

Zhang,

Lyu,

Ren

et al. 2024

JGR Earth Surface

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Glacial debris flows occurring on the Tibetan Plateau consistently result in significant property damage and loss of human life. A comprehensive field investigation was conducted in Tianmo valley along the Sichuan‐Tibet Highway to reveal the dynamics of a debris flow that occurred on 11 July 2018. Furthermore, a depth‐averaged multiphase debris flow model was proposed and employed to reconstruct the characteristics of the debris flow. The model derivation, implementation, evaluation, and application were presented to demonstrate its performance. The Voellmy model was chosen because it adequately accounts for both basal frictional effects and the entrainment phenomenon. The entrainment processes, the ice melting, and the lubrication effect, were also taken into consideration. Based on the numerical results combined with field investigation data, the kinetic characteristics of the glacial debris flow were analyzed. The Tianmo valley has a small area, but the volume and erosion rate of debris flows were much larger than that of two‐phase debris flows in the same location due to ice melting. The simulation results demonstrated that the glacial debris reached a peak velocity of 20 m/s. Additionally, the volume of the debris flow increased by 50% due to the erosion over a short runout distance of approximately 4,000 m. This increase was a result of the high velocity and abundant entrainment sources on the slope. This study aims to improve understanding of the high velocity and destructive potential of debris flows in the Tianmo valley.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%