Preliminary report of an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in mink and mink farmers associated with community spread, Denmark, June to November 2020

Larsen, H. J.; Fonager, Jannik; Lomholt, Frederikke Kristensen; Dalby, Tine; Benedetti, Guido; Kristensen, Brian; Urth, Tinna Ravnholt; Rasmussen, Morten; Lassaunière, Ria; Rasmussen, Thomas Bruun; Strandbygaard, Bertel; Lohse, Louise; Chaine, Manon; Møller, Karina Lauenborg; Berthelsen, Ann-Sofie Nicole; Nørgaard, Sarah; Sönksen, Ute Wolff; Boklund, Anette; Hammer, Anne Sofie; Belsham, Graham J.; Krause, Tyra Grove; Mortensen, Sten; Bøtner, Anette; Fomsgaard, Anders; Mølbak, Kåre

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.5.210009

Cited by 141 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The viruses present on Farm 4 in November were most closely related to those seen previously on Farm 4, over 2 months earlier (Figure 2). It should be noted that, by November 2020, over 200 farms in DK had been identified as having infected mink (5) and a number of different variants had been observed in the animals (6) . The viruses on Farms 1-3 were closely related to each other and also to the viruses present in August on Farm 4, but the latter viruses had some additional changes (e.g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outbreaks have continued and about 70 farms in the NL have been infected (4) while 290 farms out of about 1200 mink farms in DK were positive for the virus (5) . All mink (>15,000,000) have now been culled in DK (6) . Similarly, the termination of mink farming in the NL was brought forward by 3 years from the previously planned date of 1 st January 2024 (4) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the initial cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mink in DK, on Farms 1-3 in Northern Jutland (as described in (2) ), a regular screening program was established to test dead mink from all Danish mink farms for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, every 3 rd week (6) . Infection of mink on Farm 4 was identified through this Early Warning (EW) program but, in contrast to Farms 1-3, the mink were not culled and the seropositive animals apparently cleared the infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection, recovery and re-infection of farmed mink with SARS-CoV-2

Rasmussen

Fonager

Jørgensen

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Mink, on a farm with about 15,000 animals, became infected with SARS-CoV-2. Over 75% of tested animals were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in throat swabs and 100% of tested animals were seropositive. The virus responsible had a deletion of nucleotides encoding residues H69 and V70 within the spike protein gene. The infected mink recovered and after free-testing of the mink, the animals remained seropositive. During follow-up studies, after a period of more than 2 months without virus detection, over 75% of tested animals scored positive again for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Whole genome sequencing showed that the virus circulating during this re-infection was most closely related to the virus identified in the first outbreak on this farm but additional sequence changes had occurred. Animals had much higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after re-infection than at free-testing. Thus, following recovery from an initial infection, seropositive mink rapidly became susceptible to re-infection by SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection, recovery and re-infection of farmed mink with SARS-CoV-2

Rasmussen

Fonager

Jørgensen

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Some domestic animal species, including cats, ferrets, and notably, minks, have been demonstrated to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, while others, such as pigs and chickens, are not. In this perspective, SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in animals [8] is a fundamental task, ruled by veterinary public health institutes such IZSAM, to characterize potential novel viral variants with hazard to humans [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Italy: The Role of Veterinary Public Health Institutes

Lorusso

Calistri

Savini

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…The mink variants have been suggested as potential future spillover viruses, since minks may provide a viral reservoir that has frequent interaction with people. However, at this time, spread of the mink-related variant to humans has been rare [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational assessment of the spike protein antigenicity reveals diversity in B cell epitopes but stability in T cell epitopes across SARS-CoV-2 variants

Rioux

Kelvin

2021

Preprint

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Since its emergence into the human population at the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Efforts to develop a protective vaccine against COVID-19 have yielded several vaccine platforms currently in distribution targeting the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequence from the first cases of infection. In recent months, variants of SARS-CoV-2 have raised concerns that viral mutation may undermine vaccination efforts through viral escape of host immune memory acquired from infection or vaccination. We therefore used a computational approach to predict changes in spike protein antigenicity with respect to host B cell and CD8+ T cell immunity across six SARS-CoV-2 variants (D614G, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.429, and mink-related). Our epitope analysis using DiscoTope suggests possible changes in B cell epitopes in the S1 region of the spike protein across variants, in particular the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 lineages, which may influence immunodominance. Additionally, we show that high-affinity MHC-I-binding peptides and glycosylation sites on the spike protein appear consistent between variants with the exception of an extra glycosylation site in the P.1 variant. Together, these analyses suggests T cell vaccine strategies have the most longevity before reformulation.

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Preliminary report of an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in mink and mink farmers associated with community spread, Denmark, June to November 2020

Cited by 141 publications

References 4 publications

Infection, recovery and re-infection of farmed mink with SARS-CoV-2

Infection, recovery and re-infection of farmed mink with SARS-CoV-2

Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Italy: The Role of Veterinary Public Health Institutes

Computational assessment of the spike protein antigenicity reveals diversity in B cell epitopes but stability in T cell epitopes across SARS-CoV-2 variants

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