Preliminary report on the 1963 eruption of Mt.Agung in Bali (Indonesia)

Zen, M. T.; Hadikusumo, Djajadi

doi:10.1007/bf02597526

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Although a few chemical analyses of Agung lavas have been published previously (e.g., Zen and Hadikusumo 1964;Marinelli and Tazieff 1968;Whitford 1975;Surjo 1981), this work represents the first systematic analyses of ejecta from the 1963 eruption. The petrologic method, described herein, is used to estimate sulfur and chlorine degassing during the eruption by comparing S and Cl contents in matrix glass and in glass inclusions in phenocrysts, and by scaling the volatile masses to the mass of erupted tephra.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrology and sulfur and chlorine emissions of the 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung, Bali, Indonesia

Self

King

1996

Bulletin of Volcanology

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The 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung produced 0.95 km 3 dense rock equivalent (DRE) of olivineBhornblende-bearing, weakly phyric, basaltic andesite tephra and lava. Evidence for magma mixing in the eruptive products includes whole-rock compatible and incompatible trace element trends, reverse and complex compositional zoning of mineral phases, disequilibrium mineral assemblages, sieve-textured plagioclase phenocrysts, and augite rims on reversely zoned orthopyroxene. Basalt magma mixed with pre-existing andesite magma shortly before eruption to yield basaltic andesite with a temperature of 1040-1100 7C at an assumed pressure of 2 kb, f O 2`N NO, and an average melt volatile content (H 2 OBCO 2 ) of 4.3 wt.%. Magmamixing end members may have provided some of the S and Cl emitted in the eruption. Glass inclusions in phenocrysts contain an average of 650 ppm S and 3130 ppm Cl as compared with 70 ppm and 2220 ppm, respectively, in the matrix glass. Maximum S and Cl contents of glass inclusions approach 1800 and 5000 ppm, respectively. Application of the petrologic method to products of the 1963 eruption for estimating volatile release yields of 2.5!10 12 g (Mt) of SO 2 and 3.4 Mt of Cl released from the 0.65 km 3 of juvenile tephra which contributed to stratospheric injection of H 2 SO 4 aerosols on 17 March and 16 May, when eruption column heights exceeded 20 km above sea level. An independent estimate of SO 2 release from atmospheric aerosol loading (11)(12) suggests that approximately 7 Mt of SO 2 was injected into the stratosphere. The difference between the two estimates can be most readily accounted for by the partitioning of S, as well as some Cl, from the magma into a water-rich vapor phase which was released upon eruption. For other recent high-S-release eruptions of more evolved and oxidized magmas (El Chichón, Pinatubo), the petrologic method gives values two orders of magnitude less than independent estimates of SO 2 emissions. Results from this study of the Agung 1963 magma and its volatile emissions, and from related studies on eruptions of more mafic magmas, suggest that SO 2 emissions from eruptions of higher-Ssolubility magma may be more reliably estimated by the petrologic method than may those from moreevolved magma eruptions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrology and sulfur and chlorine emissions of the 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung, Bali, Indonesia

Self

King

1996

Bulletin of Volcanology

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“…Rainfall-triggered lahars are the main cause of fatalities in many eruptions in tropical areas, e.g. Agung, Irazu andFuego, all in 1963 (Zen andHadikusumo 1964;Ulate and Corrales 1966;Bohnenberger et al 1971).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of volcanism on pre-European inhabitants of Taveuni, Fiji

Cronin

Neall

2000

Bulletin of Volcanology

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Taveuni is a Fijian ocean-island volcano that sporadically erupted throughout the Holocene. The 437-km 2 island is an active monogenetic volcanic field with a constantly shifting locus of activity along a single apparent rift axis. Although the eruptions were not large (^VEI 2), unexpected shifts in Taveuni volcanism had the potential to affect habitation sites. Since known human settlement of the Fiji Group (ca. 950±750 BC), there have been at least 58 eruptions on Taveuni. Up to 25 of these eruptions potentially affected pre-European inhabitants of the island and at least four former occupation sites are known to have been affected by volcanic products. Despite apparent earliest settlement of Taveuni post-dating other nearby islands by up to 600 years, volcanism probably did not hinder or stall settlement of Taveuni compared with neighbouring islands. However, a period of voluminous eruptions between 300 and 500 AD covered much of south Taveuni with lava and/or thick tephra, apparently causing abandonment of at least this portion of Taveuni until approximately 1100 AD. Most eruptions were not of catastrophic proportions and, due to their localised effects, re-settlement was rapid in marginal unaffected areas. Localised stories and a relict place name survive to describe former eruption locations and effects since approximately 120±320 AD. Knowledge of the impacts on Taveuni's past inhabitants forms the basis of volcanic disastermitigation strategies to minimise future effects on the current 14,500 residents.

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“…Terowongan pengendali volume danau kawah Gambar 7. Panorama danau kawah Gunung Kelud tiga bulan sebelum letusan 10 Februari 1990 (kiri), memperlihatkan bualan air yang membesar dari keadaan normal, berkaitan dengan pelepasan gas dan uap dari dasar kawah, teramati sejak tanggal 12 November 1989, dan Peta Sebaran Endapan Awan panas, Lahar letusan, dan Lahar hujan Gunung Kelud (kanan), yang terjadi sejak tahun 1901 sampai 1990 (Pratomo, 1992 (Kemmerling, 1919;van Padang, 1951;Jennings, 1969;Zen, 1964;Zen & Hadikusumo, 1964;Kusumadinata, 1964;1979).…”

Section: Letusan Gunung Kelud (Sepanjang Abad Xx) DI Jawa Timurunclassified

Klasifikasi gunung api aktif Indonesia, studi kasus dari beberapa letusan gunung api dalam sejarah

PRATOMO¹

2006

IJOG

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SARIIndonesia dikenal sebagai negara yang mempunyai gunung api aktif terbanyak di dunia, yaitu lebih dari 30% dari gunung aktif dunia ada di Indonesia. Kawasan gunung api umumnya berpenduduk padat, karena kesuburan dan keindahan panoramanya. Hingga saat ini gunung api aktif di Indonesia dikelompokkan hanya berdasarkan sejarah letusannya, yaitu tipe A (79 buah), adalah gunung api yang pernah meletus sejak tahun 1600, tipe B (29 buah) adalah yang diketahui pernah meletus sebelum tahun 1600, dan tipe C (21 buah) adalah lapangan solfatara dan fumarola (Bemmelen, 1949;van Padang, 1951;Kusumadinata 1979). Hasil kajian terhadap sebagian dari gunung api aktif tersebut di atas memperlihatkan perbedaan karakter erupsi yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan potensi ancaman bahaya letusannya. Berdasarkan sejarah letusannya, dikombinasikan dengan karakter fi sik, bentang alam puncak, struktur gunung api, dan tipe letusannya, gunung aktif di Indonesia dapat dibedakan menjadi delapan tipe, yaitu tipe Tambora 1815 (letusan kaldera), Merapi (kubah lava), Agung (kawah terbuka), Papandayan (runtuhan dinding kawah), Batur (pascakaldera), Sangeangapi (aliran lava), dan Anak Krakatau (gunung api bawah laut).Klasifi kasi gunung api ini diharapkan akan dapat lebih memperjelas perbedaan karakteristik gunung api aktif di Indonesia, sehingga dapat dipergunakan untuk mendukung mitigasi ancaman bencana gunung api, penelitian, dan pengembangan ilmu kegunungapian dan juga meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat terhadap gunung api aktif di Indonesia.Kata kunci: gunung api aktif Indonesia, karakteristik, klasifi kasi, mitigasi bencana gunung api (Bemmelen, 1949;van Padang 1951;Kusumadinata, 1979 ABSTRACT Indonesia is well known as a volcanic country, where more than 30% out of all the world volcanoes occupied this region. Volcanic region is generally densely populated, because of their soil fertility and other land use. Based on their historical eruptions noted since and before 1600 A.D., the Indonesian active volcanoes are regrouped in to A type (79 volcanoes), which were defi ned as volcanoes erupted since 1600 A.D., B type (29 volcanoes) erupted before 1600 A.D., and C type (21 volcanoes) are solfatar fi elds

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Preliminary report on the 1963 eruption of Mt.Agung in Bali (Indonesia)

Cited by 40 publications

References 1 publication

Petrology and sulfur and chlorine emissions of the 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung, Bali, Indonesia

Petrology and sulfur and chlorine emissions of the 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung, Bali, Indonesia

Impacts of volcanism on pre-European inhabitants of Taveuni, Fiji

Klasifikasi gunung api aktif Indonesia, studi kasus dari beberapa letusan gunung api dalam sejarah

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