Preliminary test of topmetal-II<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="d1e156" altimg="si25.svg"><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math> sensor for X-ray polarization measurements

Li, Zili; Zhang, Jin; Su, Jiaqi; Cai, Xinchen; Feng, Zuke; Liu, Qian; Liu, Hongbang; Gao, C.; Xiao, Le; Sun, X.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2021.165430

Cited by 20 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Figure 36 is the microscopic photographs of IMPix-S1. The Topmetal series pixel sensor [162,163] can also collect charge from the sursroundisng media through the exposed part of its topmost metal layer. Figure 37 shows a photo of the Topmetal-II- [164] bonded to a PCB base with gold bonding wire.…”

Section: Main Structure and Readout Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in nuclear detection and readout techniques

He,

Niu,

Wang

et al. 2023

NUCL SCI TECH

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Abstract“A Craftsman Must Sharpen His Tools to Do His Job,” said Confucius. Nuclear detection and readout techniques are the foundation of particle physics, nuclear physics, and particle astrophysics to reveal the nature of the universe. Also, they are being increasingly used in other disciplines like nuclear power generation, life sciences, environmental sciences, medical sciences, etc. The article reviews the short history, recent development, and trend of nuclear detection and readout techniques, covering Semiconductor Detector, Gaseous Detector, Scintillation Detector, Cherenkov Detector, Transition Radiation Detector, and Readout Techniques. By explaining the principle and using examples, we hope to help the interested reader underst and this research field and bring exciting information to the community.

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Section: Main Structure and Readout Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in nuclear detection and readout techniques

He,

Niu,

Wang

et al. 2023

NUCL SCI TECH

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“…The GMCP serves as the electron multiplying device, while the Topmetal-L, manufactured using the CMOS process, acts as the readout chip responsible for measuring the tracks of photoelectrons and deriving the polarization information of the incident X-ray. Topmetal-L represents an upgraded version of Topmetal-II (Li et al 2021;Fan et al 2023), specifically designed for LPD to detect transient sources. It features a smaller pixel size and a larger chip area, measuring 16 mm × 23 mm.…”

Section: Geometric Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

In-orbit Background and Sky Survey Simulation Study of POLAR-2/LPD

Feng 冯,

Liu,

Xie

et al. 2023

ApJ

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The Low-Energy X-ray Polarization Detector (LPD) is one of the payloads in the POLAR-2 experiment, designed as an external payload for the China Space Station deployment in early 2026. LPD is specifically designed to observe the polarization of gamma-ray burst (GRB) prompt emission in the energy range of 2–10 keV, with a wide field of view (FoV) of 90° in preliminary design. This observation is achieved using an array of X-ray photoelectric polarimeters based on gas pixel detectors. Due to the wide FoV configuration, the in-orbit background count rate in the soft X-ray range is high, while GRBs themselves also exhibit high flux in this energy band. In order to assess the contribution of various background components to the total count rate, we conducted detailed simulations using the GEANT4 C++ package. Our simulations encompassed the main interactions within the instrument materials and provided insights into various background components within the wide-FoV scheme. The simulation results reveal that among the background components, the primary contributors are the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) and bright X-ray sources. The total background count rate of LPD, after applying the charged particle background rejection algorithm, is approximately 0.55 counts cm–2 s–1 on average, and it varies with the detector’s orbit and pointing direction. Furthermore, we performed comprehensive simulations and comparative analyses of the CXB and X-ray bright sources under different FoVs and detector pointings. These analyses provide valuable insights into the background characteristics for soft X-ray polarimeter with wide FoV.

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“…Next, photoelectrons drift in the electric field and ionize the working gas, and then the ionization signal will be amplified several thousands of times through a Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) [13] or a THGEM module [14]. Finally, direct charge sensors such as Topmetal-II − [15] can be used for charge collection, resulting in a two-dimensional charge pattern. For simplicity, the process of photoelectrons drift, multiplication and diffusion can be simulated using an effective method, which applying a gaussian diffusion according to the drift distance from the generation location of photoelectron to the collection chip.…”

Section: Detector Simulation and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of a Xe-based X-ray Polarimeter at 10-30 keV

Zhang,

Cai,

Huang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Polarization detection of X-rays is a non-negligible topic to astrophysical observation. Many polarization detection methods have been well developed for X-rays in the energy range below 10 keV, while the detection at 10-30 keV is rarely discussed. This paper presents a simulation study of a Xe-based gas pixel detector, which can achieve the polarization detection of X-rays at 10-30 keV. To verify the emission angle distribution of photoelectrons, different electromagnetic models in Geant4 were investigated. After a necessary modification by considering the missing factor when sampling the emission angle, a good agreement can be achieved. Moreover, the detection capability of 20 keV polarized photons was discussed and the modulation factor could be 43%.

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Preliminary test of topmetal-II− sensor for X-ray polarization measurements

Cited by 20 publications

References 14 publications

Advances in nuclear detection and readout techniques

Advances in nuclear detection and readout techniques

In-orbit Background and Sky Survey Simulation Study of POLAR-2/LPD

Simulation of a Xe-based X-ray Polarimeter at 10-30 keV

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