preliminary validation of a short-term morphological assay to evaluate adverse effects on amphibian metamorphosis and thyroid function usingxenopus laevis

Fort, Douglas J.; Rogers, Robert L.; Morgan, Lisa; Miller, Mark F.; Clark, Patrick A.; White, Jonathan; Paul, Robbin R.; Stover, Enos L.

doi:10.1002/1099-1263(200009/10)20:5<419::aid-jat708>3.0.co;2-a

Cited by 42 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In contrast to the above studies, exposure of X. laevis to 800 μg L −1 Cu during metamorphic climax had no effect on tail resorption (Fort, Rogers, et al, 2000 ). The X. laevis study only included the most advanced stage of metamorphosis, whereas the previously discussed studies (Chai et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2016 ) included Cu exposure over the course of larval development into the metamorphic stages.…”

Section: Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The effects of Cu exposure on embryo‐larval and premetamorphic development have been investigated in several species, including Rana ( Lithobates ) pipiens (Chen et al, 2007 ), Gastrophryne carolinensis (Flynn et al, 2015 ), L. sylvatica (Peles, 2013 ), Anaxyrus terrestris (Rumrill et al, 2016 ), and X. laevis (Fort, Rogers, et al, 2000 ; Fort et al, 2004 ). Chen et al ( 2007 ) exposed newly hatched northern leopard frogs to 5–100 μg L −1 Cu (as CuSO 4 ) for 154 days.…”

Section: Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As with the early developmental effects of Cu exposure, the effects of Cu exposure on metamorphosis have also been studied in several species, including L. sphenocephala (Lance et al, 2012 ), Bufo gargarizans (Chai et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2016 ), and X. laevis (Fort, Rogers, et al, 2000 ). Experiments involving Cu exposure from pre‐metamorphic through metamorphic climax (NF stage 47–62) on the same species found decreased metamorphic success and increased length of both the hind limb and tail (Chai et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adverse Outcome Pathways for Chronic Copper Toxicity to Fish and Amphibians

Brix

Boeck

Baken

et al. 2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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In the present review, we synthesize information on the mechanisms of chronic copper (Cu) toxicity using an adverse outcome pathway framework and identify three primary pathways for chronic Cu toxicity: disruption of sodium homeostasis, effects on bioenergetics, and oxidative stress. Unlike acute Cu toxicity, disruption of sodium homeostasis is not a driving mechanism of chronic toxicity, but compensatory responses in this pathway contribute to effects on organism bioenergetics. Effects on bioenergetics clearly contribute to chronic Cu toxicity with impacts at multiple lower levels of biological organization. However, quantitatively translating these impacts into effects on apical endpoints such as growth, amphibian metamorphosis, and reproduction remains elusive and requires further study. Copper-induced oxidative stress occurs in most tissues of aquatic vertebrates and is clearly a significant driver of chronic Cu toxicity. Although antioxidant responses and capacities differ among tissues, there is no clear indication that specific tissues are more sensitive than others to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress leads to increased apoptosis and cellular damage in multiple tissues, including some that contribute to bioenergetic effects. This also includes oxidative damage to tissues involved in neuroendocrine axes and this damage likely alters the normal function of these tissues. Importantly, Cu-induced changes in hormone concentrations and gene expression in endocrine-mediated pathways such as reproductive steroidogenesis and amphibian metamorphosis are likely the result of oxidative stress-induced tissue damage and not endocrine disruption. Overall, we conclude that oxidative stress is likely the primary driver of chronic Cu toxicity in aquatic vertebrates, with bioenergetic effects and compensatory response to disruption of sodium homeostasis contributing to some degree to observed effects on apical endpoints.

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Section: Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 77%