Prelithiation Reagents and Strategies on High Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely employed in energy-storage applications owing to the relatively higher energy density and longer cycling life. However, they still need further improvement especially on the energy density to satisfy the increasing demands on the market. In this respect, the irreversible capacity loss (ICL) in the initial cycle is a critical challenge due to the lithium loss during the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode surface. The strategy of prelithiation was then proposed to compensate for the ICL in the anode and recover the energy density. Here, various methods of the prelithiation are summarized and classified according to the basic working mechanism. Further, considering the critical importance and promising progress of prelithiation in both fundamental research and real applications, this Review article is intended to discuss the considerations involved in the selection of prelithiation reagents/strategies and the electrochemical performance in full-cells. Moreover, insights are provided regarding the practical application prospects and the challenges that still need to be addressed.

Mo2C catalyzed low-voltage prelithiation using nano-Li2C2O4 for high-energy lithium-ion batteries

“…Prelithiation has been proposed and extensively studied in different LIB systems to provide extra lithium sources and compensate for such lithium loss [4]. Currently, various contemporary prelithiation techniques that are being investigated extensively can be classified into either anode or cathode types [5].…”

Li2Cu0.1Ni0.9O2 with Copper Substitution: A New Cathode Prelithiation Additive for Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…can efficiently compensate the ICL. − But, the evolution of undesired gaseous N 2 , CO, or CO 2 is inevitable. In contrast, ternary compounds (e.g., Li 5 FeO 4 , Li 6 CoO 4 , and Li 2 NiO 2 ) serve as cathode prelithiation additives without gaseous evolution concern. ,− Nevertheless, Li 5 FeO 4 is rather sensitive to H 2 O and CO 2 in ambient environment . Li 6 CoO 4 is relatively stable in air, while the expensive Co resources impede its industrialization. , In addition, the delithiated products of Li 5 FeO 4 and Li 6 CoO 4 are electrochemically inactive and will remain in the cathode, severely deteriorating the cycling performance of the cathode materials and decreasing the overall energy densities of LIBs.…”

Lithium/Boron Co-doped Micrometer SiOx as Promising Anode Materials for High-Energy-Density Li-Ion Batteries

“…Even though a pre-lithiation strategy could be employed to enhance the ICE of heteroatom-doped SiO x anodes, the additional processing will increase the manufacturing cost and bring new problems. 24,25 Therefore, developing a simple and effective strategy to enhance both ICE and cycling stability of SiO x would be ideal for its large-scale practical application in LIBs.…”

“…Especially, the heteroatom doping strategy is also highly effective in suppressing the crack or pulverization of SiO x and promoting the superior stable cycling of SiO x anodes by homogenizing Si domains in SiO x , improving Li ion diffusion, and strengthening the inside bonding networks of SiO x anodes. − However, there is a problem that heteroatom doping generally does not contribute much to improving the ICE of SiO x anodes and therefore limit the high usage of SiO x in the SiO x and graphite composite anodes or its great potential to enhance the energy density of LIBs. Even though a pre-lithiation strategy could be employed to enhance the ICE of heteroatom-doped SiO x anodes, the additional processing will increase the manufacturing cost and bring new problems. , Therefore, developing a simple and effective strategy to enhance both ICE and cycling stability of SiO x would be ideal for its large-scale practical application in LIBs.…”