Premature ageing of the immune system relates to increased anti-lymphocyte antibodies (ALA) after an immunization in HIV-1-infected and kidney-transplanted patients

Abstract

SummaryLow-affinity immunoglobulin (Ig)G with potential autoreactivity to lymphocytes and hypergammaglobulinaemia have been described previously in HIV-1-infected patients. Whether such antibodies increase after challenging the immune system, for example with an immunization, is not known. In the present study, the modulation of antibodies with low affinity and potential autoreactivity was evaluated after

Defective B-cell proliferation and maintenance of long-term memory in patients with chronic granulomatous disease

“…32,33 Thus a possible explanation for the loss of long-term memory in patients with CGD can be an ineffective polyclonal activation of memory B cells, which usually maintain serologic memory. 28,34,35 However, we also found numbers of CD27/IgD double-negative B cells, which were previously described as increased in elderly healthy subjects, 36 HIV-infected children, and patients undergoing kidney transplantation, 37 to be higher among patients with CGD compared with those seen in HCs. This might support the hypothesis that B cells from patients with CGD could also be unresponsive to stimuli because of premature aging.…”

“…In HIV-infected children and patients undergoing kidney transplantation, this is due to B-cell chronic activation. 37 This suggest that B cells from patients with CGD might be subjected to a similar chronic activation status as a result of the inflammatory milieu.…”

Premature B-cell senescence as a consequence of chronic immune activation

“…A significant increase of polyclonal antibodies with low affinity and increased reactivity to lymphocytes (named anti-lymphocyte antibodies or ALA) was reported after 2012-2013 seasonal influenza vaccination in both HIV-1 and kidney transplant pediatric patients but not in healthy controls and this directly correlated with the frequencies of both DN and MA. 53 These additional data suggest that the quality of an immune response triggered by possibly any vaccination in immune compromised individuals may depend on the degree of B-cell senescence and on their activation status. 53 Another recent report also related impaired antibody response to influenza vaccination in both HIV-1 infected or uninfected aging women to immune activation and inflammation measured by high levels of plasma IL-21 and of TNFα respectively.…”

“…53 These additional data suggest that the quality of an immune response triggered by possibly any vaccination in immune compromised individuals may depend on the degree of B-cell senescence and on their activation status. 53 Another recent report also related impaired antibody response to influenza vaccination in both HIV-1 infected or uninfected aging women to immune activation and inflammation measured by high levels of plasma IL-21 and of TNFα respectively.…”

“…52 Interestingly, increased frequencies of both DN and MA were also observed in the blood of kidney transplant pediatric patients. 53 In view of this, it is interesting to consider HIV-1 infected and kidney transplant patients as different models of secondary immune deficiency characterized by chronic immune activation. As during HIV-1 infection in fact, patients with solid organ transplantation may also experience chronic immune activation due to the persistence of a foreign antigen (the transplanted organ) and are immune deficient because of the immune suppressive therapies administered after transplantation.…”