Premature deaths attributable to blood pressure in China: a prospective cohort study

He, Jiang; Gu, Dongfeng; Chen, Jing; Wu, Xigui; Kelly, Tanika N.; Huang, Jiehong; Chen, Ji Chun; Chen, Chung Shiuan; Bazzano, Lydia A.; Reynolds, Kristi; Whelton, Paul K.; Klag, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61199-5

Cited by 224 publications

(174 citation statements)

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“…13,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Likewise, a number of large-scale cohort studies have reported significant effects of prehypertension separately on the risks of stroke 13,29,30,32 and coronary heart disease. 13,29 The present analysis from the APCSC confirmed the results from the previous observational studies and provided more detailed information about the separately significant associations of prehypertension with all of the major types of CVD, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in the Asia-Pacific region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Because of its high prevalence, 10,11 a substantial part of the burden of CVD occurs among people with prehypertension. [12][13][14] Hypertension is usually defined as BP levels of Ն140/90 mm Hg [7][8][9] and can be divided into 3 categories, isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), and diastolic with systolic hypertension (systolicdiastolic hypertension [SDH]). 15 A number of observational studies have demonstrated clear associations of ISH and SDH with future cardiovascular events.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Prehypertension and Hypertension Subtype on Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region

et al. 2012

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Abstract-The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure defined blood pressure (BP) levels of 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg as prehypertension and those of Ն140/90 mm Hg as hypertension. Hypertension can be divided into 3 categories, isolated diastolic (IDH; systolic BP Ͻ140 mm Hg and diastolic BP Ն90 mmHg), isolated systolic (systolic BP Ն140 mm Hg and diastolic BP Ͻ90 mmHg), and systolic-diastolic hypertension (systolic BP Ն140 mm Hg and diastolic BP Ն90 mmHg). Although there is clear evidence that isolated systolic hypertension and systolic-diastolic hypertension increase the risks of future vascular events, there remains uncertainty about the effects of IDH. The objective was to determine the effects of prehypertension and hypertension subtypes (IDH, isolated systolic hypertension, and systolic-diastolic hypertension) on the risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Asia-Pacific Region. The Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration is an individual participant data overview of cohort studies in the region. This analysis included a total of 346570 participants from 36 cohort studies. Outcomes were fatal and nonfatal CVD. The relationship between BP categories and CVD was explored using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, cholesterol, and smoking and stratified by sex and study. Compared with normal BP (Ͻ120/80 mmHg), hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CVD were 1.41 (1.31-1.53) for prehypertension, 1.81 (1.61-2.04) for IDH, 2.18 (2.00 -2.37) for isolated systolic hypertension, and 3.42 (3.17-3.70) for systolic-diastolic hypertension. Separately significant effects of prehypertension and hypertension subtypes were also observed for coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. In the Asia-Pacific region, prehypertension and all hypertension subtypes, including IDH, thus clearly predicted increased risks of CVD. Key Words: prehypertension Ⅲ hypertension Ⅲ hypertension subtype Ⅲ isolated diastolic hypertension Ⅲ cardiovascular disease Ⅲ coronary heart disease Ⅲ stroke C ardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of premature death and disability globally.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Prehypertension and Hypertension Subtype on Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region

et al. 2012

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“…[17][18][19] It has been estimated that hypertension was associated with 20% of the deaths recorded in China in 2005, including 2.33 million -nearly 80% -of the deaths from cardiovascular disease. 20 Hypertension not only causes premature death; it may also add to household costs. In a study conducted in rural China, for example, it was estimated that 4.1% of households suffered impoverishment as a result of hypertension.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health system strengthening and hypertension awareness, treatment and control: data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Feng

Pang

Beard

2013

Bull. World Health Organ.

182

153

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“…38 Prehypertension is not reported frequently, so it is difficult to know how our estimates of 11%-13% compare with others. Elsewhere, prehypertension has been found to increase the risk of premature death and cardiovascular morbidity and stroke, [39][40][41] emphasizing a potential value of identification and efforts to lower cardiovascular risk early in life. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was high in both cohorts, driven by a high prevalence of low HDL-C. We have found similarly low HDL-C values among other cohorts in this population.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure, Overweight, and Dyslipidemia in Adolescent and Young Adults in Rural Nepal

Stewart

Christian

et al. 2013

Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders

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Background: Chronic disease begins early in life, yet population data are sparse on potential causal factors in children and young adults in South Asia. Methods: We assessed risk factors for chronic disease in two population cohorts, aged 9-23 years, in rural Nepal. Assessed variables included short height (less than -2 z), high body mass index (BMI) (z > 0.42), waist circumference (WC) > 90 cm (male) or 80 cm (female) or age-adjusted child cutoff], high blood pressure ( > 120/ 80 mmHg), fasting glucose ( ‡ 100 mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ( > 7%), blood lipids [triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and total cholesterol], diet, smoking, alcohol, and socioeconomic status (SES) factors. Results: The population was stunted (46%) and few were overweight (*2%-4% with high BMI or WC). Twelve percent had high blood pressure. Plasma hypertriglyceridemia ( ‡ 150 mg/dL) affected *8.5%, and 78% had low HDL-C concentrations < 40 mg/dL (male) or < 50 mg/dL (female)], while few ( £ 3%) had elevated total cholesterol ( ‡ 180 mg/dL), glucose, and HbA1c. Females were at higher risk than males for high blood pressure [odds ratio (OR) 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-2.3] and overweight (4.2; 3.0-5.8), but had lower risk of dyslipidemia (0.7; 0.6-0.9). Ethnic plains Madheshi were less likely to be overweight (0.3; 0.2-0.4), but had greater risk of dyslipidemia (1.4; 1.1-1.7) versus those of Hill origin. Some dietary factors were significantly associated with high blood pressure or dyslipidemia, but not overweight. Conclusions: Dyslipidemia and high blood pressure are emerging health concerns among young adults in rural Nepal.

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Premature deaths attributable to blood pressure in China: a prospective cohort study

Cited by 224 publications

References 25 publications

Effects of Prehypertension and Hypertension Subtype on Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region

Effects of Prehypertension and Hypertension Subtype on Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region

Health system strengthening and hypertension awareness, treatment and control: data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure, Overweight, and Dyslipidemia in Adolescent and Young Adults in Rural Nepal

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