“…Recently, the prevalence of CP in patients with PE, and that of PE in men suffering from CP, has been studied [6,12], which suggested a possible relationship between them. On the other hand, CP or PLS has also been suggested to be an important organic cause of PE [13]. However, currently there are no studies that have systematically evaluated the inci- dence of CP or PLS in the new proposed four PE syndromes and their possible associations.…”