Premorbid Intellectual Functioning and Risk of Schizophrenia and Spectrum Disorders

Reichenberg, Abraham; Weiser, Mark; Caspi, Asaf; Knobler, Haim Y.; Lubin, Gad; Harvey, Philip D.; Rabinowitz, Jonathan; Davidson, Michael

doi:10.1080/13803390500360372

Cited by 90 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Theoretically, the results further suggest higher intelligence to be protective against psychosis. An alternative model suggests that higher intelligence may act as a buffer against the effects of separate processes that modify (increase) the risk for psychosis (Khandaker et al, 2011) and therefore may act as protective factor (Reichenberg et al, 2006). Moreover, our results clearly indicate, as hypothesized, that markers for preexistent cognitive impairments are most prevalent among subjects diagnosed with psychoses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Thus, while no differences were found in controls, lower PIQ than VIQ scores were assessed in "prepsychotic dropouts" up to large differences in current psychotic cases. In another but prospective conscript study, a general cognitive impairment was found to be predictive of later disorders from the schizophrenia spectrum, however, an additional risk was given by deficits in nonverbal reasoning (comparable to PIQ) (Reichenberg et al, 2006). This effect might be explained by neurodegenerative processes in specific areas of the brain during illness which involve fluid components of intelligence such as executive functions and working memory (Purcell et al, 1998;Amminger et al, 2000;Ojeda et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Precursors of cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: A population-based study

Müller

Vetter

Weiser

et al. 2013

Psychiatry Research

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Cognitive deficits have been found to be more prevalent in psychotic than in other disorders. Longitudinal research has shown that these deficits were generally already existent before onset of illness and are therefore not necessarily attributable to neurodegenerative processes. This study investigated whether both low IQ and markers of premorbid cognitive dysfunction independently contribute to an increased risk for psychoses. In a cross-sectional study about 50,000 young Swiss males completed a survey of intellectual problems in childhood/adolescence and other vulnerability factors during military call-up in 2005/2006. Subsequently, military IQ assessments were carried out on the entire sample. Diagnostic assessments were conducted according to International Classification of Diseases-10th edition (ICD-10). Low, especially performance, IQ was highly associated with an increased risk for psychotic disorders after adjusting for preexisting cognitive deficits and covariates, while in other disorders this association was less marked. Furthermore, preexisting intellectual problems emerged as important risk factors for psychoses. Our results confirm the importance of low IQ as characteristic of psychoses. Although premorbid intellectual deficits are common in people who go on to develop psychosis, neurodegenerative disease processes may also precipitate further declines in fluid cognitive functions. Assessment of cognitive functioning should be taken into account in early detection of psychoses. Longitudinal research has shown that these deficits were generally already existent before onset of illness and are therefore not necessarily attributable to neurodegenerative processes. This study investigated whether both low IQ and markers of premorbid cognitive dysfunction independently contribute to an increased risk for psychoses. In a cross-sectional study about Subsequently, military IQ assessments were carried out on the entire sample. Diagnostic assessments were conducted according to ICD-10. Low, especially performance IQ was highly associated with an increased risk for psychotic disorders after adjusting for preexisting cognitive deficits and covariates; while in other disorders this association was less marked.Furthermore, preexisting intellectual problems emerged as important risk factors for psychoses.Our results confirm the importance of low IQ as characteristic of psychoses. Although premorbid intellectual deficits are common in people who go on to develop psychosis, neurodegenerative disease processes may also precipitate further declines in fluid cognitive functions. Assessment of cognitive functioning should be taken into account in early detection of psychoses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precursors of cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: A population-based study

Müller

Vetter

Weiser

et al. 2013

Psychiatry Research

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“…We have shown that atypical but not classical antipsychotics can reverse these cognitive deficits; however, in the clinic there is differing evidence for the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in improving cognition with the CATIE study (Lieberman, 2006;Keefe et al, 2007) and the UK Cost Utility of the Latest Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia Study (CUtLASS; Jones et al, 2006; suggesting that antipsychotics actually have a limited effect. Cognitive dysfunction is a core characteristic of schizophrenia (Sullivan et al, 1994;Elvevag and Goldberg, 2000;Kuperberg and Heckers, 2000), occurring in 75-85% of patients (Reichenberg et al, 2006), and is becoming increasingly important as impaired cognition has been implicated in poor long-term functional outcome (Marder and Fenton, 2004) which can often persist when other symptoms may be improved with treatment (Gold et al, 1991;Heinrichs, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of 5-HT receptor mechanisms in sub-chronic PCP-induced reversal learning deficits in the rat

et al. 2009

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“…Despite strong evidence of poor premorbid intellectual functioning (for a meta-analytic review, see Aylward et al, 1984;Seidman et al, 2006;Reichenberg et al, 2006) and literature suggesting subtle functional impairments in years preceding clinical onset (e.g., , only a few studies have examined neurocognitive functioning among high-risk youth in relationship to vulnerability for conversion to Axis I psychosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognition and conversion to psychosis in adolescents at high-risk

Walder

Mittal

Trotman

et al. 2008

Schizophrenia Research

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This study examined neurocognitive predictors of conversion to Axis I psychosis among adolescents at high-risk for psychosis (AHRP). There were no significant differences in neurocognitive performance between adolescents at high-risk for psychosis who converted (AHRP+) and adolescents at high-risk for psychosis who did not convert (AHRP−). Within-sex comparisons revealed a relation between risk status and performance among females, with AHRP+ performing below AHRP−, but this effect did not hold for males. Between-sex comparisons revealed AHRP− males performed worse than AHRP− females on several measures. Across groups, males performed better than their female counterparts on select measures. Results are discussed in terms of implications for use of neurocognitive profiles as bio-risk markers of psychosis, while considering sex differences. Keywordspsychosis; high-risk; adolescents; cognition; sex differences; bio-risk markers Neurocognitive deficits are a well-established characteristic of schizophrenia (see Green et al., 2006). Despite strong evidence of poor premorbid intellectual functioning (for a meta-analytic review, see Aylward et al., 1984;Seidman et al., 2006;Reichenberg et al., 2006) and literature suggesting subtle functional impairments in years preceding clinical onset (e.g., , only a few studies have examined neurocognitive functioning among high-risk youth in relationship to vulnerability for conversion to Axis I psychosis.There are some recent reports of neurocognitive impairments among clinical high-risk individuals (Gschwandtner et al., 2003), including adolescents meeting criteria for schizophrenia prodromal syndrome (Hawkins et al., 2004) and youth with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD;Trotman et al., 2006), though others have not replicated this (Brewer et al., 2006). There are also some reports of a relation between cognitive dysfunction and conversion to psychosis in clinical high-risk groups (Lencz et al., 2006;Keefe et al., 2006;Brewer et al., 2005). Specifically, two investigations revealed that poorer verbal memory predicted psychosis outcome (Brewer et al., 2005;Lencz et al., 2006). Another showed that a Corresponding author: Deborah J. Walder, Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of The City University of New York, Phone: (718) 951-5000, x. 6013, FAX: (718) 951-4814, E-mail: dwalder@brooklyn.cuny.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Bilder et al., 2000; Gittelman-Klein and Klen, 1969;Erlenmeyer-Kimling et al., 1984). The vast majority of studies indicate better premorbid functioning during childhood among fe...

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Premorbid Intellectual Functioning and Risk of Schizophrenia and Spectrum Disorders

Cited by 90 publications

References 57 publications

Precursors of cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: A population-based study

Precursors of cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: A population-based study

Role of 5-HT receptor mechanisms in sub-chronic PCP-induced reversal learning deficits in the rat

Neurocognition and conversion to psychosis in adolescents at high-risk

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