Premorbid IQ Predicts Postconcussive Symptoms in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with mTBI

Abstract

The findings support premorbid IQ as a unique and relevant predictor of chronic PCS, with significance variance accounted for beyond education, cognitive functioning, and psychosocial variables. Given the predictive relationship between premorbid IQ and PCS, adapting postconcussive interventions to meet the specific needs of individuals with varying levels of intellect may be important in minimizing ongoing symptomatology.

Blast concussion and posttraumatic stress as predictors of postcombat neuropsychological functioning in OEF/OIF/OND veterans.

“…Participants completed neuropsychological tests across several cognitive domains. As premorbid ability is among the most significant predictors of cognitive functioning in healthy and clinical samples alike, including OEF/OIF veterans with histories of concussion (Stewart-Willis, Heyanka, Proctor-Weber, England, & Bruhns, 2018), participants completed the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR; The Psychological Corporation, 2001) to ensure that any potential impairments or relative weaknesses were not erroneously ascribed to brain injury as opposed to relative weaknesses that might have preexisted the time of injury. Other cognitive domains included auditory attention/working memory (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—3rd Edition, WAIS-III, Digit Span scaled score; Wechsler, 1997); cognitive efficiency (WAIS-III Coding scaled score); processing speed/set-shifting (Trail Making Tests A & B T scores [TMT-A & TMT-B], Reitan & Wolfson, 1993, using the Heaton, Miller, Taylor, & Grant, 2004 normative comparison sample); and verbal learning/memory (CVLT-II list 1–5 recall z score, Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 2000).…”

Comparability of (Post-Concussion) Symptoms across Time in Individuals after Traumatic Brain Injury: Results from the CENTER-TBI Study

“…Physical problems usually include headaches [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], nausea [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], dizziness [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], sensitivity to light or noise [ 9 , 12 , 15 , 17 ], blurred or double vision [ 3 , 5 , 11 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 20 ] and fatigue [ 4 , 8 , 15 , 16 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Cognitive alterations include problems in processing speed, attention and concentration [ 9 , 13 , 15 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]; executive functions [ 20 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]; learning and memory [ 13 , 17 , 20 , 26 , 34 , 35 ,…”

“…Cognitive alterations include problems in processing speed, attention and concentration [ 9 , 13 , 15 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]; executive functions [ 20 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]; learning and memory [ 13 , 17 , 20 , 26 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]; and language [ 26 ]. Individuals after TBI usually report symptoms of depression [ 5 , 15 , 19 , 28 , 30 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ], suicidal ideation [ 47 , 48 , 49 ], anxiety [ 15 , 30 , 38 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 ] and post-traumatic stress [ 50 ]. Furthermore, emotional lability and apathy have been noted [ 5 , 25 , 30 , 51 , 52 ].…”

“…Furthermore, emotional lability and apathy have been noted [ 5 , 25 , 30 , 51 , 52 ]. Regarding the behavioral consequences of TBI, individuals also experience irritability [ 4 , 28 , 38 , 45 , 53 , 54 , 55 ], aggressiveness [ 55 ], and, in some cases, personality changes [ 25 , 56 , 57 ], restlessness [ 3 , 11 , 45 , 58 ] and insomnia [ 16 , 23 , 28 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”

“…Several factors have been repeatedly found to be associated with short- and long-term prognoses of these symptoms after TBI. Some of the most important sociodemographic characteristics include age [ 4 , 5 , 9 , 16 , 20 , 24 , 25 , 29 , 44 , 45 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ], gender/sex [ 4 , 5 , 9 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 25 , 29 , 37 , 44 , 81 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 86 ], living situation [ 15 , 24 ], employment status [ 5 , 24 , 80 , 82 ], marital status [ 5 , 16 , 19 , 82 , 86 ], education [ 9 , 11 , 20 , 24 , 28 , 70 , 82 , 84 ], ethnicity/race [ 9 , 16 , 19 , 28 , …”