Prenatal and Postnatal Growth and Cognitive Abilities at 56 Months of Age: A Longitudinal Study of Infants Born at Term

Heinonen, Kati; Räikkönen, Katri; Pesonen, Anu‐Katriina; Kajantie, Eero; Andersson, Sture; Eriksson, Johan G.; A, Niemelä; Vartia, Timo; Peltola, J.; Lano, Aulikki

doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1172

Cited by 141 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…An earlier analysis of the ALSPAC 10% substudy 14 and 1 other study 15 found that head growth during infancy was associated with IQ, but the observed IQ variation in these studies was small and all of the children studied were within the normal range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Head Growth and Neurocognitive Outcomes

Wright

Emond²

2015

Pediatrics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Head Growth and Neurocognitive Outcomes

Wright

Emond²

2015

Pediatrics

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“…[3][4][5][6][7] One recent report of critical periods found a strong association between postnatal head growth at 9 months and cognitive functioning at age 9 years, but no relation between head circumference in gestation or at birth with later neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 9 years. 8 Other studies have shown that small head circumference at birth can also predict poor intellectual performance in childhood and adulthood, 9,10 although this relationship appears to depend on the particular cognitive domain. 11 Head circumference is considered the most sensitive anthropometric measure of long-term malnutrition in infancy, 12,13 with caloric deprivation shown to be directly associated with suboptimal head growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effects of zinc supplementation on head circumference of Nepalese infants and toddlers: a randomized controlled trial

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of micronutrient supplementation on head circumference of rural Nepali infants and children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We used a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of micronutrient supplementation on head circumference in 569 rural Nepali infants and children aged 4-17 months. Children were randomized to: (1) zinc, (2) iron-folic acid, (3) zinc plus iron-folic acid or (4) a placebo group. Data on head circumference were collected during five visits at B3 month intervals over the course of a year. We calculated change in head circumference in treatment groups receiving zinc and iron comparing the first and fifth visits as well as used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to take advantage of data from all points in time. Models were adjusted for covariates unbalanced in the randomization and for baseline head circumference. RESULTS: Estimating differences in head circumference between baseline and visit 5, children in the zinc treatment group showed smaller decreases in head circumference z-score compared with placebo (adjusted b ¼ 0.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03 to 0.23). Using GEE, zinc treatment was associated with 0.11 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.17) decrease in the rate of decline in head circumference z-score across visits as compared with placebo. Iron-folic acid supplementation was not associated with head circumference z-scores when comparing visits 1 with 5 or including data across all visits in adjusted models. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that zinc supplementation confers a beneficial effect on the rate of head growth in Nepali infants.

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“…7,28 Studies of postnatal growth and cognitive or behavioral outcomes have focused on weight gain in the first 5 to 12 months of life, not specifically in the neonatal period. [4][5][6][7][8] In general, more rapid postnatal growth among healthy term-born children is linked to better cognitive outcomes. In one of the few studies that explored the early postnatal period, Emond et al 3 showed that children with the lowest 5% of weight gain from birth to 8 weeks had ∼3-point lower IQ scores than the rest of the cohort (n = 7975).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the extreme, infants with feeding difficulties may be diagnosed with growth faltering (or "failure to thrive"), which has been associated with 3-to 4-point lower IQ scores compared with children without growth faltering. 2,3 Previous studies in nonclinical populations suggest that faster growth in infancy and childhood is associated with better cognitive outcomes, [4][5][6][7][8] although some findings have been null. 9 Disparities in the literature may reflect varying methods of analysis, small sample sizes (resulting in insufficient statistical power), and differences in the age period studied.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Neonatal Growth on IQ and Behavior at Early School Age

2013

PEDIATRICS

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Feeding difficulties often emerge during the neonatal period and affect neonatal growth. Growth throughout the first years of life is associated with children' s IQ scores and risk of behavioral problems.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: Among infants born full term ($37 weeks' gestation) with birth weight $2500 g, gain in weight and head circumference during the neonatal period is associated with higher IQ, but not with behavior at 6.5 years of age. abstract OBJECTIVES: The objective was to examine associations of neonatal weight gain (NWG) and head circumference gain (HCG) with IQ scores and behavior at early school age. METHODS:We used data from the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial, involving Belarusian infants born full term and weighing $2500 g. NWG and HCG were measured as the percentage gain in weight and head circumference over the first 4 weeks relative to birth size. IQ and behavior were measured at 6.5 years of age by using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), respectively, with SDQ collected from parents and teachers. The associations between the exposures (NWG, HCG) and children' s IQ and SDQ were examined by using mixed models to account for clustering of measurements, and adjustment for potentially confounding perinatal and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS:Mean NWG was 26% (SD 10%) of birth weight. In fully adjusted models, infants in the highest versus lowest quartile of NWG had 1.5-point (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8 to 2.2) higher IQ scores (n = 13 840). A weak negative (protective) association between NWG and SDQ total difficulties scores was observed for the teacher-reported (b = 20.39, 95% CI 20.71 to 20.08, n = 12 016), but not the parentreported (b = 20.12, 95% CI 20.39 to 0.15, n = 13 815), SDQ. Similar associations were observed with HCG and IQ and behavior. Dr Smithers conceptualized the study and the analysis plan, contributed to the interpretation, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript; Drs Lynch and Yang conceptualized the study and the analysis plan, contributed to the interpretation, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Mr Dahhou carried out the analysis, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Dr Kramer designed and supervised the collection of data for the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial, conceptualized the current study and the analysis plan, contributed to the interpretation, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. CONCLUSIONS:This trial has been registered with the ISRCTN Register

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Prenatal and Postnatal Growth and Cognitive Abilities at 56 Months of Age: A Longitudinal Study of Infants Born at Term

Abstract: Our findings suggest that, even within the range of children born at term, prenatal and postnatal growth in body size are associated with individual differences in cognitive abilities.

Cited by 141 publications

References 32 publications

Head Growth and Neurocognitive Outcomes

Head Growth and Neurocognitive Outcomes

Beneficial effects of zinc supplementation on head circumference of Nepalese infants and toddlers: a randomized controlled trial

Impact of Neonatal Growth on IQ and Behavior at Early School Age

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