Prenatal Care and Infant Birth Outcomes Among Medicaid Recipients

Guillory, V. James; Samuels, Michael E.; Probst, Janice C.; Sharp, Glynda F.

doi:10.1353/hpu.2010.0734

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Many studies have observed that differentials by race ( 332 ) and nativity (immigrant vs. US-born Black women) ( 378 – 381 ) persist after controlling for income and/or education. Income and education consistently predict White, but not Black, PTB rates, with the racial gap widest at the highest socioeconomic levels ( 382 – 385 ), and little ( 316 , 386 ) to no ( 383 , 387 ) racial differences in PTB rates among socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Income predicts exposure to environmental hazards and lack of exposure to health-promoting conditions in the home and neighborhood.…”

Section: Findings From the Review Including Comments On The Plausibil...mentioning

confidence: 87%

Explaining the Black-White Disparity in Preterm Birth: A Consensus Statement From a Multi-Disciplinary Scientific Work Group Convened by the March of Dimes

Braveman

Dominguez

Burke

et al. 2021

Front. Reprod. Health

122

130

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In 2017–2019, the March of Dimes convened a workgroup with biomedical, clinical, and epidemiologic expertise to review knowledge of the causes of the persistent Black-White disparity in preterm birth (PTB). Multiple databases were searched to identify hypothesized causes examined in peer-reviewed literature, 33 hypothesized causes were reviewed for whether they plausibly affect PTB and either occur more/less frequently and/or have a larger/smaller effect size among Black women vs. White women. While definitive proof is lacking for most potential causes, most are biologically plausible. No single downstream or midstream factor explains the disparity or its social patterning, however, many likely play limited roles, e.g., while genetic factors likely contribute to PTB, they explain at most a small fraction of the disparity. Research links most hypothesized midstream causes, including socioeconomic factors and stress, with the disparity through their influence on the hypothesized downstream factors. Socioeconomic factors alone cannot explain the disparity's social patterning. Chronic stress could affect PTB through neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms leading to inflammation and immune dysfunction, stress could alter a woman's microbiota, immune response to infection, chronic disease risks, and behaviors, and trigger epigenetic changes influencing PTB risk. As an upstream factor, racism in multiple forms has repeatedly been linked with the plausible midstream/downstream factors, including socioeconomic disadvantage, stress, and toxic exposures. Racism is the only factor identified that directly or indirectly could explain the racial disparities in the plausible midstream/downstream causes and the observed social patterning. Historical and contemporary systemic racism can explain the racial disparities in socioeconomic opportunities that differentially expose African Americans to lifelong financial stress and associated health-harming conditions. Segregation places Black women in stressful surroundings and exposes them to environmental hazards. Race-based discriminatory treatment is a pervasive stressor for Black women of all socioeconomic levels, considering both incidents and the constant vigilance needed to prepare oneself for potential incidents. Racism is a highly plausible, major upstream contributor to the Black-White disparity in PTB through multiple pathways and biological mechanisms. While much is unknown, existing knowledge and core values (equity, justice) support addressing racism in efforts to eliminate the racial disparity in PTB.

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Section: Findings From the Review Including Comments On The Plausibil...mentioning

confidence: 87%

Explaining the Black-White Disparity in Preterm Birth: A Consensus Statement From a Multi-Disciplinary Scientific Work Group Convened by the March of Dimes

Braveman

Dominguez

Burke

et al. 2021

Front. Reprod. Health

122

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In South Carolina, African American mothers who received Medicaid (which encourages early prenatal care and assists with paying for prenatal visits) had an LBW rate similar to white Medicaid mothers and a much lower rate of LBW than did African American mothers who did not receive Medicaid. Access to prenatal care, facilitated by Medicaid, reduced LBW disparities due to ethnicity (Guillory, Samuels, Probst, & Sharp, 2003).…”

Section: Prepregnancy Bmi and Weight Gain During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight Infants of Hispanic, African American, and White Women in Bexar County, Texas

Tierney-Gumaer

Reifsnider

2008

Public Health Nursing

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“…It was more frequent in black women living in the southern US and counties with a high rate of racial segregation [ 33 ]. This may explain the findings of this review, in which most of the studies were conducted in the states of Texas [ 11 ], California [ 16 , 20 ], Carolina do South [ 22 , 24 , 27 ], and the study by Gavin et al [ 25 ] that analyzed data from both Florida, Georgia and Texas and New Jersey. It is noteworthy that the results presented may not be globally representative, but specific to the countries of the inserted studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Access to Prenatal Care in the First Trimester of Pregnancy Among Black Women Compared to Other Races/Ethnicities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2022

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Objective: To analyze the prevalence of access to prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy among black women compared to other races/ethnicities through a systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods: Searches were carried out at PUBMED, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and in the grey literature. The quality of the studies and the risk of bias were analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies instrument. The extracted data were tabulatesd and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through meta-analysis.Results: Black women had the lowest prevalence of access to prenatal services in the first trimester, with prevalence ranging from 8.1% to 74.81%, while among white women it varied from 44.9 to 94.0%; 60.7% of black women started prenatal care in the first trimester, while 72.9% of white women did so.Conclusion: Black women compared to other racial groups had lower prevalence of access to prenatal care, with less chance of access in the first trimester, and it can be inferred that the issue of race/skin color is an important determinant in obtaining obstetric care.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020159968_, PROSPERO CRD42020159968.

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Prenatal Care and Infant Birth Outcomes Among Medicaid Recipients

Cited by 15 publications

References 29 publications

Explaining the Black-White Disparity in Preterm Birth: A Consensus Statement From a Multi-Disciplinary Scientific Work Group Convened by the March of Dimes

Explaining the Black-White Disparity in Preterm Birth: A Consensus Statement From a Multi-Disciplinary Scientific Work Group Convened by the March of Dimes

Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight Infants of Hispanic, African American, and White Women in Bexar County, Texas

Prevalence of Access to Prenatal Care in the First Trimester of Pregnancy Among Black Women Compared to Other Races/Ethnicities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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