Prenatal Diagnosis of Subependymal Hemorrhage

Abstract

Fetal intracranial hemorrhage is a rare sonographic finding. Due to the subtle and variable nature of hemorrhage on sonography, prenatal diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage is difficult. Subependymal hemorrhage of the germinal matrix is the least severe form of intracranial hemorrhage. Knowledge of the sonographic appearances of intracranial hemorrhage can make prenatal diagnosis possible and is essential to protecting the neurodevelopmental outcome of the fetus.

Antenatal diagnosis of fetal intraventricular hemorrhage: systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…A total of 80 articles describing 240 cases were included 16,17,19–96 . The search of MEDLINE and Embase provided a total of 14 991 records, with three additional records identified by hand searching (Fig.…”

A Spectrum of MRI Findings in Germinal Matrix Hemorrhages: A Case Series

“…GMH haven't been observed before the 22 nd gestational week [3]. Usually, they are bilateral or predominantly left-sided because of the weaker left carotid blood supply in prenatal hypotensive setting [6][7][8]. Frequently they are neurological sequelae following fetal ischemic strokes [6].…”

“…Frequently they are neurological sequelae following fetal ischemic strokes [6]. Thrombophilia, anemia, placental abruption intrauterine growth restriction, twinto-twin transfusion syndrome and factor V and X deficiency are suggested as probable predisposing fetal factors [7,8]. Presumptive causative maternal conditions include trauma, von Willebrand disease, severe thrombocytopenia, preeclampsia, hypertension, infections, Warfarin use, etc.…”

“…Presumptive causative maternal conditions include trauma, von Willebrand disease, severe thrombocytopenia, preeclampsia, hypertension, infections, Warfarin use, etc. [8,10]. The germinal matrix hemorrhage typically affects the caudothalamic groove and then extends to the lateral ventricles with possible hydrocephalus complication and to the periventricular brain parenchyma [1].…”

“…MRI is helpful for observing the location, the extent and the type of the hemorrhage [2] and fetal MRI is performed in inconclusive ultrasonographic findings. Fetal MRI advantages include high-resolution imaging, better visualization of parenchymal abnormalities and non-invasiveness [8,9]. It benefits from higher specificity and sensitivity for GMH diagnosis compared to ultrasound [6].…”