Prenatal exposure to nitrate in drinking water and the risk of congenital anomalies

Associations between cumulative environmental quality and ten selected birth defects in Texas

“…Hazardous air pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide), benzene, and particulate matter (PM) have all been associated with various birth defects, including oral cleft (cleft palate and cleft lip with and without cleft palate) and neural tube defects (Foster et al, 2017; Gilboa et al, 2005; Lupo et al, 2011; Padula et al, 2017; Stingone et al, 2014; Zhou et al, 2017; Zhu et al, 2015). The associations with the water domain are consistent with previous findings of water contaminants and birth defects (Blaidsell et al, 2019; Brender et al, 2013; Cedergren et al, 2002; Foster et al, 2017; Grazuleviciene et al, 2013; Marie et al, 2018; Rudani et al, 2014; Sanders et al, 2014; Wright et al, 2017). Studies have also shown that differences in sociodemographic factors, including race/ethnicity, are associated with increased prevalence of birth defects (Canfield et al, 2006; Padula et al, 2017; Vrijheid et al, 2000; Wang et al, 2015).…”

“…To our knowledge, this was the first study to utilize indices of overall and domain‐specific environmental quality to explore the associations of cumulative environmental exposures on the prevalence of selected birth defects. Most studies examine a single environmental exposure in association with these birth defects (Blaidsell et al, 2019; Brender et al, 2013; Grazuleviciene et al, 2013; Lupo et al, 2011; Marie et al, 2018; Rappazzo et al, 2016; Rocheleau et al, 2015; Rudani et al, 2014; Wright et al, 2017). When studies have assessed multiple pollutants, they are confined to one environmental domain (e.g., air) (Cedergren et al, 2002; Gilboa et al, 2005; Brender et al, 2008; Sanders et al, 2014; Stingone et al, 2014; Zhu et al, 2015; Zhou et al, 2017).…”

“…Single exposures are unable to capture multiple pathways of exposure and/or the interplay of multiple exposures on one another. For example, nitrates in drinking water have been associated with neural tube, oral cleft, and limb reduction birth defects (Blaidsell et al, 2019; Brender et al, 2013). However, nitrates from other potential sources of exposure, such as exposure from nitrates and nitrogen oxides from air, are not considered in these studies.…”

“…There is robust epidemiologic literature exploring the relationships between various birth defects and environmental exposures, including air, land, sociodemographic and water environments (Blaidsell, Turyk, Almberg, Jones, & Stayner, 2019; Brender et al, 2013; Brender, Zhan, Langlois, Suarez, & Scheuerle, 2008; Canfield et al, 2006; Cedergren, Selbing, Löfman, & Källen, 2002; Foster et al, 2017; Gilboa et al, 2005; Grazuleviciene, Kapustinskiene, Vencloviene, Buinauskiene, & Nieuwenhuijsen, 2013; Luben et al, 2009; Lupo et al, 2011; Marie et al, 2018; Messer et al, 2010; Padula et al, 2017; Rappazzo et al, 2016; Rocheleau et al, 2015; Rudani et al, 2014; Sanders et al, 2014; Spinder et al, 2017; Stingone et al, 2014; Vrijheid et al, 2000; Waller, Paul, Peterson, & Hitti, 2010; Wang et al, 2015; Wright, Evans, Kaufman, Rivera‐Núñez, & Narotsky, 2017; Zhou et al, 2017; Zhu et al, 2015). However, the majority of these studies examine only a single pollutant occurring in a single environmental domain.…”

Derivative Spectrophotometry for No3- Determination in Sanitary Sewages

“…Nitrogen is an element found in the nature in several forms and oxidation states. The presence of nitrogen in the form of nitrate in water bodies can cause several adverse effects on the ecosystem and public health (ALIMOHAMMADI et al, 2018;TEMKIN et al, 2019;BLAISDELL et al, 2019). Consequently, its determination and monitoring in water bodies and effluents is essential.…”