Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and changes in infant growth and childhood growth trajectories

Exposure to a Mixture of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Metabolic Outcomes in Belgian Adolescents

“…In short, spot urine and nonfasting blood samples were stored at −20 and −80 °C, respectively, until the applicable chemicals were measured. Metals were measured by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS), OPFRs and phthalate metabolites by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), OCPs and PCBs by gas chromatograph with electron-capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI/MS), bisphenols by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS), and PFAS by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). ,,− Concentration values below the limits of detection (LODs) or limits of quantification (LOQs) were imputed using maximum likelihood estimation, assuming a censored log–normal distribution for values above the LODs or LOQs and conditional on the observed values for other biomarkers in the cohort. , Lipid-soluble chemicals DDE, HCB, and PCBs were standardized by total blood lipid concentration [total lipids = 1.33 × TG + 1.12 × TC × 148 (g/L)] and their concentrations were therefore expressed in ng/g lipid. Urinary exposure concentrations were normalized for the specific gravity (SG) of the urine sample using the following formula: C SG = C exposure × (1.024 – 1)/(SG – 1).…”

“…11,23,25−27 Concentration values below the limits of detection (LODs) or limits of quantification (LOQs) were imputed using maximum likelihood estimation, assuming a censored log−normal distribution for values above the LODs or LOQs and conditional on the observed values for other biomarkers in the cohort. 24,28 Lipid-soluble chemicals DDE, HCB, and PCBs were standardized by total blood lipid concentration [total lipids = 1.33 × TG + 1.12 × TC × 148 (g/L)] and their concentrations were therefore expressed in ng/g lipid. Urinary exposure concentrations were normalized for the specific gravity (SG) of the urine sample using the following formula:…”

Assessment and Comparison of Early Developmental Toxicity of Six Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances with Human Embryonic Stem Cell Models

“…Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between prenatal exposure to PFAS and various adverse health outcomes in both neonates and later in life, including lower birth weight, compromised immune function, impaired neurodevelopment, reduced bone mineral density, and endocrine disorders. − Recent research has directly shown that PFAS can breach the placental barrier, entering the embryos via umbilical cord blood. ,, Notably, PFOA concentrations in umbilical cord serum have been recorded as high as 27.6 μg/L (67 nM) . PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS have been identified in human embryos and accumulate in fetal organs, including the liver, lung, heart, central nervous system, and adipose tissue. ,, Fetal development is highly susceptible to external substances, and early life exposure can have profound and lasting effects on normal development.…”