We have combined anatomical and functional methodologies to provide a comprehensive analysis of the properties of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on developing dopamine (DA) neurons. Double-labeling in situ hybridization was used to examine the expression of nAChR subunit mRNAs within developing midbrain DA neurons. As brain maturation progressed there was a change in the pattern of subunit mRNA expression within DA neurons, such that α3 and α4 subunits declined and α6 mRNA increased. Although there were strong similarities in subunit mRNA expression in substantia nigra (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), there was higher expression of α4 mRNA in SNc than VTA at gestational day (G)15, and of α5, α6 and β3 mRNAs during postnatal development. Using a superfusion neurotransmitter release paradigm to functionally characterize nicotine-stimulated release of [ 3 H]DA from striatal slices, the properties of the nAChRs on DA terminals were also found to change with age. Functional nAChRs were detected on striatal terminals at G18. There was a decrease in maximal release in the first postnatal week, followed by an increase in nicotine efficacy and potency during the second and third postnatal weeks. In the transition from adolescence (postnatal days (P) 30 and 40) to adulthood, there was a complex pattern of functional maturation of nAChRs in ventral, but not dorsal, striatum. In males, but not females, there were significant changes in both nicotine potency and efficacy during this developmental period. These findings suggest that nAChRs may play critical functional roles throughout DA neuronal maturation. Keywords adolescent; fetal; nicotine; sex; striatum; maternal smoking Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been correlated with a number of adverse outcomes in the offspring (Lichtensteiger et al., 1988,Lichtensteiger andSchlumpf, 1993), including cognitive deficits that are often manifested in early childhood as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Millberger et al., 1996). Though the underlying neurobiological mechanism * Correspondence to: Dr. Layla Azam Department of Biology, University of Utah 257 South 1400 East Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Tel.: (801) Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ,Pliszka et al., 1996,Castellanos, 1997. In animal studies, maternal nicotine exposure produces sexdependent alterations in the development of DA neurochemical markers (Fung, 1988,Fung, 1989,Ribary and Lichtensteiger, 1989,Lichtensteiger and Schlumpf, 1993,Muneoka et al., 1997, and induces hyperactivity in the offspring, which is believed...