Prenatal nicotine exposure alters gene expression profiles of neurons in the sub-regions of the VTA during early postnatal development

Abstract

Brain growth occurs during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development in rats. This developmental period is equivalent to the third trimester of human gestation. Dendritic arborization, axonal growth, and gliogenesis are observed along with a strong maturation of neurotransmission during this critical development period. Furthermore, nicotine exposure during early development causes deficiencies in sensory and cognitive processing in adults. In this study, we further investigated the gene expression of neuron groups and the influence of perinatal nicotine exposure on gene expressions of neurons within the sub-regions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in 1 week, 2 week and 3-week-old rat pups. We exposed pregnant rats to nicotine perinatally on gestational day 7 through postnatal day 14. Pups are exposed to nicotine during pregnancy and through breastfeeding to investigate its effect in rat pups during early neuronal development. Real time PCR was used to find the relative expressions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, and glutamate neuron markers within the three sub-regions of the VTA including the parabrachial pigmented nucleus (PBP), parainterfascicular (PIF), and paranigral nucleus (PN). Our results indicated that during early maturation, the dopamine marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) showed a consistently increased significance in PN sub-region compared to PIF and PBP. These results suggest that following perinatal nicotine exposure, VTA dopamine neurons, especially within the PN sub-region, are significantly excited starting from birth.