Prenatal stress and KCl-induced depolarization modulate cell death, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis genes, oxidative and inflammatory response in primary cortical neurons

The effects of forced exercise and zinc supplementation during pregnancy on prenatally stress‐induced behavioral and neurobiological consequences in adolescent female rat offspring

“…The hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex are among the most affected brain regions in PS (Davis & Sandman, 2012; Weinstock, 2017). It has been reported that PS‐induced HPA axis hyperactivity and autonomic nervous system disruption may induce later neuro‐inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, which directly or indirectly exert neurotoxic effects and cause alterations in anxiety‐related brain circuits, priming the brain to be vulnerable to anxiety disorder (French et al., 2004; Luft et al., 2021; Roshan‐Milani et al., 2021; Won & Kim, 2020). While we hypothesize that limbic and prefrontal circuits mainly contribute to PS‐induced anxiety through neuro‐inflammatory and oxidative stress‐related signaling, the involvement of other brain regions and other mechanisms cannot be excluded.…”

“…Recent studies have provided evidence that neuro‐inflammatory pathways indicate as proposed intermediary between maternal stress and offspring neurobehavioral outcomes (Calcia et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2020; Hantsoo et al., 2019; Roshan‐Milani et al., 2021) suggesting that manipulations of neuro‐inflammatory activity may act as effective therapeutic strategies for treating PS‐induced behavioral disorders (Luft et al., 2021; Ślusarczyk et al., 2016; Trojan et al., 2019; Zheng et al., 2019). Our real‐time RT‐PCR analysis of the mRNA expression of two neuro‐inflammatory factors, TNF‐α and IL‐1β, in the prefrontal cortex were consistent with the results obtained from abovementioned previous studies and with our behavioral findings.…”

“…Environmental enrichment or pharmacological strategies are other manipulations in pregnancy which is believed to positively affect the PS‐induced neurological and behavioral complications (Darnaudéry & Maccari, 2008; Weinstock, 2002). Given that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated as potential mediators of behavioral consequences of PS (Bernhardt et al., 2017; Calcia et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2020; Hantsoo et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2004), maternal anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant treatments thus may prevent the adverse effects of PS on the offspring's brain and behavior (Cao et al., 2014; Kwon et al., 2021; Lipton et al., 2017; Luft et al., 2021; Madhyastha et al., 2014; Scott et al., 2020; Ślusarczyk et al., 2016; Trojan et al., 2019). However, synthetic medications in current use for the complex etiopathogeneses of stress during pregnancy have slow responses as well as various unpleasant and severe side effects.…”

Trends in Research of Prenatal Stress From 2011 to 2021: A Bibliometric Study

“…Exposure to adverse stimuli during pregnancy can cause perpetual negative effects on emotion and cognition, thereby increasing the risk of psychiatric disorders in offspring ( 4 , 5 ). Maternal stress has been described as an important component in the development of offspring's cerebrum, altering the susceptibility to diseases in later life ( 6 ). A severe case of PS can lead to lifelong neuropsychiatric complications ( 7 , 8 ).…”