Preparation and Application of Carboxymethyl Yam (Dioscorea esculenta) Starch

Nattapulwat, Nattawat; Purkkao, Narumol; Suwithayapan, Ornamphai

doi:10.1208/s12249-009-9194-5

Cited by 55 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…To determine the removal, H-ClPAw as first synthesized under the same reaction conditions as stated in the carboxyethylation section:3 0wt% NaOH, 90 8C, 0.5 h, and 0.03 mol of 2chloropropinic acid in the absence of LS. [51] Statistical analysis, which includes ANOVA [104,116] and range analysis, [104] was used to identify which process parameters affected the carboxyethylation reaction significantly and which combination levels of process parameters produced amaximum response. In the first process, the reaction product was purified in ethanol/water (80:20, v/v) solution, and in the second one, it was precipitated in 100 mL of purified ethanol.…”

Section: Production Of the Homopolymer Of 2-choropropionic Acid (H-clpa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxyethylated Lignosulfonate

Bahrpaima

Fatehi

2018

ChemSusChem

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Lignosulfonate is a byproduct of the sulfite pulping process and has limited use in industry. The main objective of this study was to investigate the carboxyethylation of lignosulfonate to increase its charge density to broaden its applications. The carboxyethylation of lignosulfonate was optimized under the conditions of 30 wt % NaOH, 2.0 mol mol 2-chloropropinic acid/lignosulfonate, 90 °C, 0.5 h, and 0.03 mol 2-chloropropinic acid, which produced carboxyethylated lignosulfonate with a charge density and molecular weight of -3.51 meq g and 46 493 g mol , respectively. The mechanism of the carboxyethylation reaction using 2-chloropropinic acid by an S 1 pathway in an alkaline solution was discussed. Methylation was also used to mask the phenolic hydroxide groups of lignosulfonate to investigate if carboxyethylation occurred on aliphatic hydroxide groups of lignosulfonate. The produced carboxyethylated lignosulfonate was characterized by using FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and elemental and functional group analyses. Basic H- H 2 D COSY NMR spectroscopy was used to record the coupled spins of the carboxyethyl group on carboxyethylated lignosulfonate. The information from 1 D H NMR and 2 D NMR COSY spectroscopy provided evidence for the existence of a 1-carboxyethyl group on the carboxyethylated lignosulfonate structure.

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Section: Production Of the Homopolymer Of 2-choropropionic Acid (H-clpa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxyethylated Lignosulfonate

Bahrpaima

Fatehi

2018

ChemSusChem

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“…Although the properties of bioadhesion and penetration enhancement of cubosomes suggest their potential utility in skin cancer (e.g., melanoma) treatment, there is currently no formulation addressing this need. Moreover, there is emerging interest in using statistical methods to optimize pharmaceutical formulations (15)(16)(17). However, to our knowledge, such methods have seldom been used specifically for drug-loaded cubosome formulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of Dacarbazine-Loaded Cubosomes—Part I: Influence of Formulation Variables

2009

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Abstract. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined influence of three-level, three-factor variables on the formulation of dacarbazine (a water-soluble drug) loaded cubosomes. Box-Behnken design was used to obtain a second-order polynomial equation with interaction terms to predict response values. In this study, the selected and coded variables X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 representing the amount of monoolein, polymer, and drug as the independent variables, respectively. Fifteen runs of experiments were conducted, and the particle size (Y 1 ) and encapsulation efficiency (Y 2 ) were evaluated as dependent variables. We performed multiple regression to establish a full-model second-order polynomial equation relating independent and dependent variables. A second-order polynomial regression model was constructed for Y 1 and confirmed by performing checkpoint analysis. The optimization process and Pareto charts were obtained automatically, and they predicted the levels of independent coded variables X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 (−1, 0.53485, and −1, respectively) and minimized Y 1 while maximizing Y 2 . These corresponded to a cubosome formulation made from 100 mg of monoolein, 107 mg of polymer, and 2 mg with average diameter of 104.7 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 6.9%. The Box-Behnken design proved to be a useful tool to optimize the particle size of these drug-loaded cubosomes. For encapsulation efficiency (Y 2 ), further studies are needed to identify appropriate regression model.

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“…However, the phase behavior of homogenization speed/duration/ temperature was seldom studied. Moreover, there is emerging interest in using statistical methods to optimize pharmaceutical formulations (23)(24)(25). However, to our knowledge, such methods have seldom been used specifically for drug-loaded cubosome formulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of Dacarbazine-loaded Cubosomes—Part II: Influence of Process Parameters

2009

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Abstract. The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined influence of process parameters (independent variables) such as homogenization speed (X 1 ), duration (X 2 ), and temperature (X 3 ) during the preparation of dacarbazine-loaded cubosomes. Box-Behnken design was used to rationalize the influence of these three factors on two responses, namely particle size (Y 1 ) and encapsulation efficiency (Y 2 ). Independent and dependent variables were analyzed with multiple regressions to establish a fullmodel second-order polynomial equation. F value was calculated to confirm the omission of insignificant parameters or interactions of parameters from the analysis to derive a reduced-model polynomial equation to predict the Y 1 and Y 2 of dacarbazine-loaded cubosomes. Pareto charts were also obtained to show the effects of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 on Y 1 and Y 2 . For Y 1 , there was a model validated for more accurate prediction of response parameter by performing checkpoint analysis. The optimization process and Pareto charts were obtained automatically and they predicted the levels of independent parameters X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 (0.889794, 0.11886, and 0.56201, respectively) and minimized Y 1 . The optimal process parameters (homogenization's speed=~24,000 rpm, duration=5.5 min, and temperature=76°C) led to the production of cubosomes with 85.6 nm in size and 16.7% in encapsulation efficiency. The Box-Behnken design proved to be a useful tool in the preparation and optimization of dacarbazine-loaded cubosomes. For encapsulation efficiency (Y 2 ), further studies are needed to enhance the result and improve the model for such water-soluble drug encapsulation in cubosomes.

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Preparation and Application of Carboxymethyl Yam (Dioscorea esculenta) Starch

Cited by 55 publications

References 15 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxyethylated Lignosulfonate

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxyethylated Lignosulfonate

Formulation of Dacarbazine-Loaded Cubosomes—Part I: Influence of Formulation Variables

Formulation of Dacarbazine-loaded Cubosomes—Part II: Influence of Process Parameters

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