Preparation and characterization of 6-mercaptopurine-coated magnetite nanoparticles as a drug delivery system

Abstract

BackgroundIron oxide nanoparticles are of considerable interest because of their use in magnetic recording tape, ferrofluid, magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery, and treatment of cancer. The specific morphology of nanoparticles confers an ability to load, carry, and release different types of drugs.Methods and resultsWe synthesized superparamagnetic nanoparticles containing pure iron oxide with a cubic inverse spinal structure. Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed that these Fe3O4 nanoparticles could be successfully coated with active drug, and thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses showed that the thermal stability of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan and 6-mercaptopurine (FCMP) was markedly enhanced. The synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the FCMP nanocomposite were generally spherical, with an average diameter of 9 nm and 19 nm, respectively. The release of 6-mercaptopurine from the FCMP nanocomposite was found to be sustained and governed by pseudo-second order kinetics. In order to improve drug loading and release behavior, we prepared a novel nanocomposite (FCMP-D), ie, Fe3O4 nanoparticles containing the same amounts of chitosan and 6-mercaptopurine but using a different solvent for the drug. The results for FCMP-D did not demonstrate “burst release” and the maximum percentage release of 6-mercaptopurine from the FCMP-D nanocomposite reached about 97.7% and 55.4% within approximately 2,500 and 6,300 minutes when exposed to pH 4.8 and pH 7.4 solutions, respectively. By MTT assay, the FCMP nanocomposite was shown not to be toxic to a normal mouse fibroblast cell line.ConclusionIron oxide coated with chitosan containing 6-mercaptopurine prepared using a coprecipitation method has the potential to be used as a controlled-release formulation. These nanoparticles may serve as an alternative drug delivery system for the treatment of cancer, with the added advantage of sparing healthy surrounding cells and tissue.

Anti-cancerous efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine loaded chitosan nanoparticles

“…In other words, the decrease in the intensity of the peak at 1121 cm −1 ( C S /ring vibration) in Fig. 2a and c also suggests the participation of an exocyclic (S) atom with chitosan to elucidate adsorption and/or encapsulation process of 6-MP with CNPs [28]. The results of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis are depicted in Fig 3.…”

“…Precisely, 200 L cell suspension was seeded in 96-well microplates (Corning ® , USA) at a density 25,000 cells/well and incubated for 24 h, after which the cells were exposed to a graded concentration of 6-MP and 6-MPCNPs, incubated in 5% CO 2 incubator at 37 • C for 24 h. The treated cells were incubated with 100 L of MTT reagent for 3 h. The culture medium was aspirated and 200 L of DMSO was added and cell viability was determined by measuring the absorbance on a microplate reader (SPECTROstarNano, BMG LABTECH, Germany) at 570 nm [27,28]. Untreated cells were used as controls.…”

“…2b), the main characteristic absorption bands appeared at 1590 cm −1 and 1377 cm −1 were assigned to N H bending vibration and C O stretching of the alcohol group, respectively. The band at 1025 cm −1 , 3355 cm −1 and 2871 cm −1 assigned to C N, N H and C H stretching vibrations, respectively [28,36]. The peak at 3095 cm −1 belongs to the C H aromatic (Fig.…”

Phase transformation in Mn-doped titania hollow spheres and their biocompatibility studies

“…Various nanostructures of hydroxyapatite (Andronescu et al 2013;Venkatesan et al 2011;Wang et al 2009), magnetite (Daumann et al 2014;Dorniani et al 2013), zirconia (Batra et al 2013;Tang et al 2010), titania (Hou et al 2014;Aw et al 2012), silica (Bernal et al 2014;Xu et al 2013) etc., have already gained attention due to their efficacy in the fabrication of biosensors and nanocarriers for targeted delivery of drugs as well as substrates for immobilization of biomolecules. Among the various inorganic materials, titania (TiO 2 ) holds great promise in biomedical applications owing to its wide availability, biological as well as chemical inertness and have so far been reported in various morphological forms such as nanoparticles (Liang et al 2013), nanorods (Pang et al 2013), nanowires (Sun and Wu 2013), nanosheets , nanotubes (Pandikumar and Ramaraj 2013), mesopores (Mascolo 2013), and hollow spheres (Zhao and Middelberg 2013).…”

Controlled-release formulation of perindopril erbumine loaded PEG-coated magnetite nanoparticles for biomedical applications

“…Previous reports showed that a variety of active compounds such as kojic acid [19], doxorubicin [20,21], 5-aminosalicylic acid [22], 6-mercaptopurine [23], 10-hydroxycamptothecin [24], gallic acid [25,26], folic acid [27], arginine [28], and anthranilic acid [29] can be loaded onto the surface of magnetic nanoparticles.…”