Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Bioavailable Gingerol Formulation Using Polar–Nonpolar Sandwich Technology, Its Antioxidant Potential, and an In Vitro Release Study

Abstract

In this study, an innovative bioavailable gingerol formulation, Ginactiv, was prepared by using polar−nonpolar sandwich (PNS) technology with a full spectrum of ginger matrix (FSGM). SEM images showed that Ginactiv was almost spherical, was well dispersed, had a smooth morphology with a particle size range of 50−60 μm, and was divided by three layers of PNS formulation. IR, DSC, a stability study, an enhanced and sustained release profile, and the good antioxidant potential of Ginactiv furthermore confirmed the existence of gingerols with great stability in a bioavailable form in the PNS formulation. Ginactiv registered a higher moisture content (3.98 ± 1.17%), hygroscopicity (0.94 ± 0.23 g/g), and water solubility index (43.71 ± 3.42%) in comparison to the ginger oleoresin values of 1.96 ± 0.72%, 0.36 ± 0.13 g/g, and 9.62 ± 1.21%, respectively, due to the good encapsulation of gingerols by the PNS technology. The existence of the synergistic effects of FSGM in Ginactiv can be utilized as a natural dietary supplement for supporting gastrointestinal and gut health improvement and to maintain the gut−brain axis.

Ginger extract loaded Fe2O3/MgO‐doped hydroxyapatite: Evaluation of biological properties for bone–tissue engineering

“…The obtained spectra are shown in Figure 1B. The spectra corroborate well with the previously reported FTIR of ginger extracts 48–50 . The C–H bands noticed at ∼2930 cm −1 can be attributed to the CH 2 vibration.…”

“…We hypothesize that ginger extract will have multifunctional effects in terms of enhancing the bone‐forming osteoblast (hFOB) cells and reducing MG‐63 viability. The combination of FTIR and NMR spectra (Figure 1B and Figure S2) corroborates well with available literature reports of ginger extract 16,48,49,51 . The antibacterial efficacy of ginger extracts is another added advantage that further improves graft functionality.…”

“…The spectra corroborate well with the previously reported FTIR of ginger extracts. [48][49][50] The C-H bands noticed at ∼2930 cm −1 can be attributed to the CH 2 vibration. The band at ∼2840 cm −1 originates due to CH 3 vibration.…”

“…The combination of FTIR and NMR spectra (Figure 1B and Figure S2) corroborates well with available literature reports of ginger extract. 16,48,49,51 The antibacterial efficacy of ginger extracts is another added advantage that further improves graft functionality. Our strategy is to incorporate ginger extract directly into the artificial grafts to utilize it as a localized delivery vehicle.…”

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

“…Despite the presence of porins with low specificity, the outer membrane shows very low permeability toward hydrophobic compounds, which has been ascribed to the presence of the lipophilic LPS [40] [41]. Gingerol, the bio-active compound in the extracts is hydrophobic [42] and this could also explain the resistance shown by P. aeruginosa to the lower concentrations of the extract as compared to S. pneumoniae. Another unique feature of P. aeruginosa is its resistance to a variety of antibiotics which is attributed to a low permeability of the cell wall, the production of inducible cephalosporinases, an active efflux and a poor affinity for the target (DNA gyrase) [39].…”