Preparation and Characterization of a Polyetherketoneketone/Hydroxyapatite Hybrid for Dental Applications

Abstract

Here, we developed a new synthetic method for the production of a new class of polymeric inorganic hybrid biomaterial that has potential for dental implant applications and, in general, other orthopedic applications owing to its excellent mechanical properties and biomechanical compatibility. The new hybrid biomaterial is a composite consisting of polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) and hydroxyapatite (HA). This hybrid material boasts several unique features, including its high HA loading (up to 50 wt%), which is close to that of natural human bone; the homogeneous HA distribution in the PEKK matrix without phase separation; and the fact that the addition of HA has no effect on the molecular weight of PEKK. Nanoindentation analysis was used to investigate the mechanical properties of the composite, and its nano/microstructure variations were investigated through a structural model developed here. Through nanoindentation technology, the newly developed PEKK/HA hybrid biomaterial has an indentation modulus of 12.1 ± 2.5 GPa and a hardness of 0.42 ± 0.09 GPa, which are comparable with those of human bone. Overall, the new PEKK/HA biomaterial exhibits excellent biomechanical compatibility and shows great promise for application to dental and orthopedic devices.

Multiscale Mechanical Characterization of Polyether-2-ketone (PEKK) for Biomedical Application

“…The mean values of the nanoindentation modulus and nanoindentation hardness were determined to be 4.27 GPa (±0.085) and 0.030 GPa (±0.0086), respectively. The mean values of the nanoindentation modulus were found to be in accordance with values found in the literature for PEEK samples [63,64] and are also closer to the value of 5.1 GPa, obtained for tests on PEKK massive materials [43,57] Unfortunately, it was not possible to find more data concerning PEKK behavior at the nanoscale in the literature. The failure modes, coming from consecutive layers collapsing, are in agreement with those reported by Spece et al [51].…”

“…To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is very limited literature on the mechanical properties of PEKK due to its novelty as a polymeric material for 3D printing [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. In addition, no previous studies have dealt with the multiscale analysis of 3D-printed PEKK; even more widely used PEEK has been seldom analyzed, following a multiscale approach on 3D-printed specimens, with an exception made for Pérez-Martín et al [ 42 ] and Lu et al [ 43 ], who have performed nanoindentation analyses to characterize new PEEK composites.…”

The Mechanical, Thermal, and Biological Properties of Materials Intended for Dental Implants: A Comparison of Three Types of Poly(aryl-ether-ketones) (PEEK and PEKK)

“…Here, the differences resulting from a different chemical structure are visible (a ketone moiety between benzene rings instead of an oxygen bridge). First of all, differences were observed between the materials in the range of 1300–1050 cm −1 and, unlike for both PEEKs, three distinct peaks were observed at 1488 cm −1 , 1455 cm −1, and 1422 cm −1 , then two peaks at 1489 cm −1 and 1407 cm −1 (1409 cm −1 ) for PEEKs [ 17 , 19 ]. These peaks were assigned to the diphenyl ether group (C-O-C) rotation and stretching and aromatic rotations [ 17 , 19 ].…”

“…First of all, differences were observed between the materials in the range of 1300–1050 cm −1 and, unlike for both PEEKs, three distinct peaks were observed at 1488 cm −1 , 1455 cm −1, and 1422 cm −1 , then two peaks at 1489 cm −1 and 1407 cm −1 (1409 cm −1 ) for PEEKs [ 17 , 19 ]. These peaks were assigned to the diphenyl ether group (C-O-C) rotation and stretching and aromatic rotations [ 17 , 19 ]. The differences in aromatic rotations, much less the ease of rotation for PEKK than for PEEK, especially confirm the differences between the materials.…”

Use of high-performance polymeric materials in customized low-cost robotic grippers for biomechatronic applications: experimental and analytical research

“…differences in the FTIR spectra can be noted, confirming the unique material composition of PEKK material. The 1,300-1,050 cm −1 range, usually associated with diphenyl ether group (C-O-C) rotation and stretching, as well as the presence of the ketone group between benzene rings instead of an oxygen bridge contribute to the enhanced material properties of PEKK (Lu et al, 2022). Absorption peaks level is also significant to the structure of the material.…”