Preparation and Characterization of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Reinforced with Bio-Hydroxyapatite from Fish Scale

Abstract

This work aims to enhance the mechanical properties, oil resistance, and thermal properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) by using the Nile tilapia fish scales as a filler and using bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) as a coupling agent (CA). The prepared fish scale particles (FSp) are B-type hydroxyapatite and the particle shape is rod-like. The filled NBR with FSp at 10 phr increased tensile strength up to 180% (4.56 ± 0.48 MPa), reduced oil absorption up to 155%, and increased the decomposition temperature up to 4 °C, relative to the unfilled NBR. The addition of CA into filled NBR with FSp at 10 phr increased tensile strength up to 123% (5.62 ± 0.42 MPa) and percentage of elongation at break up to 122% relative to the filled NBR with FSp at 10 phr. This work demonstrated that the prepared FSp from the Nile tilapia fish scales can be used as a reinforcement filler to enhance the NBR properties for use in many high-performance applications.

Effect of dispersants on the hydroxyapatite‐filled natural rubber biocomposites with enhanced functional properties

“…In composites with a filler content above 20 phr, the tensile strength (TS) improved due to the reinforcing effect of the HAP network formed inside the elastomer matrix. The possibility of using HAP as a potential filler of elastomer composites for flexible electrical devices based on chlorinated and nonchlorinated ethylene‐propylene‐diene and acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubbers was also investigated 13–15 . In all cases, with the increase in HAP content, the thermal stability improved and the electrical conductivity and relative permittivity of the composites increased, which confirmed the usefulness of HAP in this type of applications.…”

“…Therefore, the enhanced thermal stability of the NR composites can be attributed to the high aspect ratio of HAP nanostructures (plates) which prevents the emission of small gaseous molecules during thermal decomposition according to the mechanism presented in Figure 7. The homogeneously dispersed HAP particles may also disrupt both the oxygen supply and the heat diffusion through the elastomer matrix, thus improving the thermal stability of NR composites 13,46,47 . This indicates that HAP can act as a good barrier to prevent the thermal degradation of the NR elastomer.…”

“…The homogeneously dispersed HAP particles may also disrupt both the oxygen supply and the heat diffusion through the elastomer matrix, thus improving the thermal stability of NR composites. 13,46,47 This indicates that HAP can act as a good barrier to prevent the thermal degradation of the NR elastomer.…”