Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Made from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Abstract

This paper explains preparation of activated carbon from empty fruit bunch (EFB) using steam activation under optimum conditions; activation temperature of 765°C and activation time of 77min and analyzes their physical and chemical properties using proximate and ultimate analysis, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Results show activated carbon EFB consists of 68.32 wt% carbon, 3.12 wt% hydrogen, 2.12 wt% nitrogen and 26.44 wt% oxygen content. FT-IR spectroscopy result indicate that raw EFB was successfully converted to carbon after activation process and was proven by spectra of commercial activated carbon. The XRD study confirms the presence of some crystalline (graphite) phase around peaks 26oand 43o. Characterization by using BET and SEM analysis showed that activated carbon produced from EFB has good properties with high surface area (720.0 m2/g) and well developed pores.

Physicochemical Properties of Membrane Adsorber from Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) by Acid Activation

“…The test results of activated carbon of oil palm empty fruit bunches show the presence of carbon groups and surface area with an average BET test of more than 500 m 2 /g [27]. This supports the use of PEFB-activated carbon as raw material for membrane manufacture.…”

“…Although no specific peaks were produced, 2θ angles that could be read were created, namely 14-16 • , 20-24 • and 25-27 • which were 2θ angles of legible activated carbon. Based on Figure 5b, it can be seen that the X-ray diffraction pattern or the increase in the crystallinity value between variations with one another has an insignificant difference, indicating the presence of amorphous carbon that is irregularly stacked by the carbon ring [27]. Thus, the activated carbon contained in the membrane can be identified as carbon with an amorphous structure.…”

“…With high organic content, palm empty fruit bunch can be used as activated charcoal in the separation process using the adsorption method. There have been many studies that have proven the effectiveness of adsorbents from oil palm empty fruit bunches [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Innovative metal oxides (CaO, SrO, MgO) impregnated waste-derived activated carbon for biohydrogen purification

“…Figure 4a presented the XRD spectra of the 9MO/AC samples together with the AC sample. It was obviously seen that the original AC displayed two broad diffraction peaks at 2θ of 20-30° and 40-50°, due to the presence of amorphous carbon structure generated from the disordered carbon rings 35,36 . Two spike peaks observed at 2θ www.nature.com/scientificreports/ of 29.76° and 30.79° could be due to the presence of oxide species of raw material-contained minerals such as K 2 O species (JCPDS card no.…”

Characterization and Analysis of Activated Carbon from Coconut Shells Applied to Supercapacitors

“…The XRD spectrum of activated carbon illustrates the presence of several crystalline phases, primarily graphite, around the peaks at 24° and 44° for the (002) and ( 101) hkl planes (see Figures 1). These two broad diffraction peaks can be associated with the presence of both carbon and graphite, indicating signs of crystalline carbon structure formation, resulting in improved layers (Rani et al, 2014). Both activated carbon samples display two broad diffraction peaks located at 2θ = 40°-50°, revealing an irregularly stacked amorphous structure attributed to carbon rings and beneficial in producing adsorbed pores.…”