Preparation and Characterization of Ca +2 modified PbTi0 3 ceramics by HEBM technique

Studies of dielectric and piezoelectric properties of PbTi0.8−x Te0.2GdxO3 nano ceramics prepared by high energy ball milling

“…High Energy ball milling (HEBM) method is one of the methods in which required phase can be obtained during milling itself without applying any additional heat and this method is reported to produce nano powders of ceramics. [7][8][9][10] Better densification in finished ceramics is also reported at low sintering temperature in HEBM method in comparison to other existing methods of synthesis, e.g., solid state reaction method, sol-gel method, etc. 7,8 In the present work, chalcogenide tellurium Te and rare earth Gd ions were selected as modifier.…”

“…[7][8][9][10] Better densification in finished ceramics is also reported at low sintering temperature in HEBM method in comparison to other existing methods of synthesis, e.g., solid state reaction method, sol-gel method, etc. 7,8 In the present work, chalcogenide tellurium Te and rare earth Gd ions were selected as modifier. Tellurium dioxide (TeO 2 ) has high melting point 733 ○ C and is stable oxide of tellurium.…”

“…Powders were taken based on stoicheometric formula PbTi 0:8Àx Te 0:2 Gd x O 3 (PTTeG), x ¼ 1; 3 and 5 wt.% and feed in milling container of HEBM (high energy ball milling) machine for the time period of 1 to 10 h. Detail fabrication method is discussed in other paper of the author. 7 Additional amount of PbO (2.5% wt.) was added in milling powder to make up the lead deficiency during sintering as reported by others.…”

“…was added in milling powder to make up the lead deficiency during sintering as reported by others. 7,8 Differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC) and thermograviometric analysis (TGA) analysis of green powder were carried out to know the completion of solid state reactions and the weight loss that occurred during heating. Pelletization of calcined powder was done by applying a pressure of 15 MPa.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Variation of properties of ferroelectric materials are dependent on method of fabrication, at the same time, incorporation of foreign element in lattice site of material changes the property radically. There are different methods of fabrication reported by workers [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] such as sol-gel. Co-precipitation, etc.…”