Preparation and Characterization of Durian Husk‐Based Biocomposite Films Reinforced With Nanocellulose From Corn Husk and Pineapple Leaf

Abstract

This research explores the integration of corn husk nanocellulose (CHNc) and pineapple leaf nanocellulose (PLNc) as reinforcing agents in a carboxymethyl cellulose‐based film derived from durian husk (CMCDH). Through a solvent‐casting method, composite films were fabricated with varying nanocellulose contents (15, 30, and 45 wt%). Analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction confirmed the effectiveness of alkaline and bleaching treatments in eliminating noncellulosic components. Transmission electron microscopy image revealed the rod‐like morphology of CHNc and PLNc, with dimensions approximately 206.5 × 7.2 nm and 150.7 × 6.5 nm, respectively. The inclusion of nanocellulose decreased the transparency of CMCDH films while enhancing their tensile strength, thermal stability, and water vapor transmission rate. Notably, CMCDH/PLNc(30%) exhibited the highest tensile strength at 5.06 ± 0.83 MPa, representing a remarkable 220% increase compared to CMCDH biofilm. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter results indicated that nanocellulose incorporation delayed the film's decomposition temperature by approximately 10°C. Moreover, CMCDH/PLNc(30%) demonstrated the lowest water vapor transmission rate, marking a 20% improvement. However, the film's properties were compromised at the highest nanocellulose content (45 wt%) due to observed fiber aggregation, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy analysis.