Preparation and characterization of highly transparent Ce3+ doped terbium gallium garnet single crystal

Chen, Zhe; Yang, Lei; Yin, Hao; Wang, Xiangyong

doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2015.06.050

Cited by 28 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The general formula for naturally occurring garnets is X 3 Y 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 ; however, numerous synthetic garnets (such as those mentioned previously) with different metal oxide matrices have been developed which replace the Si atoms with Al, Ga, or Fe. These crystals are often prepared using traditional growth methods such as the Czochralski process or the Float Zone method to produce high quality materials. , The typical range of Verdet constants for these materials at room temperature in the visible and IR spectrum (400–1600 nm) are on the order of 10 4 °/T·m, ,− although Verdet constants as high as 10 5 °/T·m were achieved under cryogenic conditions (see Figure crystals). , RE fluoride crystals are a class of single crystal MO materials that possess Verdet constants similar to garnet crystals but are often optimized for high power laser systems. RE-fluoride crystals such as potassium terbium fluoride (KTF) are promising materials for multikilowatt average-power Faraday isolators, reporting peak Verdet constants of ∼6.50 × 10 3 °/T·m at 633 nm (Figure ).…”

Section: Hard Materials For Magneto-opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Verdet constants of lanthanide glasses − (red square), diamagnetic ion glasses ,,− , (red circle), chalcogenide glasses − (red triangle), nanoparticle-glass composites − (red pentagon), garnet crystals ,− ,,− (green square), RE fluoride crystals − (green circle), other MO crystals − (green triangle), garnet-based ceramics − ,− (blue square), and sesquioxide-based ceramics − (blue circle) plotted to show general trends of peak Verdet constants of inorganic materials. The labels TSAG and TGG are terbium scandium aluminum garnet and terbium gallium garnet, respectively.…”

Section: Hard Materials For Magneto-opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Verdet Constant Materials for Magneto-Optical Faraday Rotation: A Review

2022

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The Faraday effect is a magneto-optical (MO) phenomenon by which the polarization direction of linearly polarized light is rotated when passing through a transparent material with the application of a magnetic field along the direction of light propagation. The magnitude of the angle by which light is rotated at specific wavelengths, temperatures, and applied magnetic fields is directly proportional to the Verdet constant, which is an intrinsic bulk property of an optically transparent material. A high Verdet constant is desired for MO applications such as optical isolators, sensors, or modulators to reduce the path length required to obtain large optical rotation with modest magnetic fields to enable device miniaturization and overall cost reduction. MO material development has been ongoing for nearly the past two centuries, from which a wide range of materials have emerged. Herein, we review the development of high Verdet constant MO materials across many material classes, with an emphasis on recent developments of higher Verdet constant polymeric and polymer-nanocomposite materials. Inorganic materials have primarily been used for Faraday rotation systems which initially focused on the use of amorphous glasses and has since expanded into MO active crystals, ceramics, ferrofluids, organic small molecules, synthetic polymers, and polymer–nanoparticle nanocomposites. Although the most widely used materials for MO applications, hard matter based on inorganic materials typically possess Verdet constants on the order of 103–104 °/T·m at room temperature when measured in the visible and NIR ranges. More recent work has focused on using soft matter alternatives composed of organic small molecules, polymers, and polymer–nanoparticle nanocomposites which afford higher Verdet constants ranging from 104 to 106 °/T·m at room temperature. The current Review aims to discuss inorganic, organic, and hybrid high Verdet constant materials, which has been previously complicated by nonuniformity in the units and sampling conditions used for these MO measurements.

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Section: Hard Materials For Magneto-opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hard Materials For Magneto-opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Verdet Constant Materials for Magneto-Optical Faraday Rotation: A Review

2022

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“…The second group of magneto-optical materials is represented by dilute magnetic (paramagnetic or semimagnetic) semiconductors that are based on traditional semiconductors, but are doped with transition metals instead of, or in addition to, electronically active elements. The characteristic examples of such semiconductors are terbium gallium garnet (Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12 ) [153], [154] and cadmium manganese telluride (Cd 1−x Mn x Te) [158]. Both of them exhibit giant Faraday rotation with relatively small dissipation losses, resulting in a very high figure of merit (see Table II).…”

Section: B Applications Of Nonreciprocal Effects and Examples Of Lti ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tutorial on Electromagnetic Nonreciprocity and Its Origins

Asadchy,

Mirmoosa,

Díaz-Rubio

et al. 2020

Preprint

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This tutorial provides an intuitive and concrete description of the phenomena of electromagnetic nonreciprocity that will be useful for readers with engineering or physics backgrounds. The notion of time reversal and its different definitions are discussed with special emphasis to its relation with the reciprocity concept. Starting from the Onsager reciprocal relations generally applicable to all processes, we derive the Lorentz theorem and discuss other implications of reciprocity for electromagnetic systems. Next, we identify all possible routes towards engineering nonreciprocal devices and analyze in detail three of them: Based on external bias, based on nonlinear and time-variant systems. The principles of the operation of different nonreciprocal devices are explained. Furthermore, we present general classification of reciprocal and nonreciprocal phenomena in linear bianisotropic media using the space-and time-reversal symmetries. This classification serves as a powerful tool for drawing analogies between seemingly distinct effects having the same physical origin, and can be used for predicting novel electromagnetic phenomena. Finally, we address the similarity and fundamental difference between nonreciprocal effects and asymmetric transmission in reciprocal systems.

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“…25 Furthermore, the remarkable properties of rare earth gallium oxides make them excellent substrates in magnetooptical fields and crystal networks for solid lasers. 26,27 Among the rare earth metals, samarium, a bright silvery metal whose density is similar to that of zinc, exhibits oxidizing properties in the presence of air and finds applications in photo-electronics, nanosensors, and gas sensors. 28 Four definite compounds exist in the system of samarium gallium oxides, namely: Sm 3 GaO 6 , Sm 4 Ga 2 O 9 , SmGaO 3 , and Sm 3 Ga 5 O 12 , with tri-samarium gallate, monoclinic, perovskite, and garnet structures, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%