Preparation and Characterization of Iron-Doped Tricalcium Silicate-Based Bone Cement as a Bone Repair Material

Abstract

Iron is one of the trace elements required by human body, and its deficiency can lead to abnormal bone metabolism. In this study, the effect of iron ions on the properties of tricalcium silicate bone cement (Fe/C3Ss) was investigated. It effectively solved the problems of high pH value and low biological activity of calcium silicate bone cement. The mechanical properties, in vitro mineralization ability and biocompatibility of the materials were systematically characterized. The results indicate that tricalcium silicate bone cement containing 5 mol% iron displayed good self-setting ability, mechanical properties and biodegradation performance in vitro. Compared with pure calcium silicate bone cement (C3Ss), Fe/C3Ss showed lower pH value (8.80) and higher porosity (45%), which was suitable for subsequent cell growth. Immersion test in vitro also confirmed its good ability to induce hydroxyapatite formation. Furthermore, cell culture experiments performed with Fe/C3Ss ion extracts clearly stated that the material had excellent cell proliferation abilities compared to C3Ss and low toxicity. The findings reveal that iron-doped tricalcium silicate bone cement is a promising bioactive material in bone repair applications.

Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Mg-Doped Calcium Silicate Endodontic Cement

“…All specimens have a short setting time than MTA. Compared with previous results using hydration accelerator (NaH 2 PO 4 ) [ 11 , 61 ] or curing liquid (K 2 HPO 4 ) [ 12 ], the setting time of Mg-CSC (Mg = 0–5 mol%) has a lower or similar value without the addition of accelerator [ 23 , 54 , 62 ]. Accordingly, it is expected that the setting time could be further reduced with the use of additives.…”

“…The two peaks at 3697 cm −1 and 3647 cm −1 were assigned to Mg(OH) 2 and Ca(OH) 2 stretching vibration [ 42 ]. The peaks at 3460 and 1647 cm −1 were O-H band related to C-S-H and H-O-H vibration bands, respectively [ 12 , 33 ]. In Figure 6 b, the green line is generated with bands compared to calcined powder ( Figure 2 a,b).…”

“…Because the setting time is related to the hydration process, it needs to understand the cement’s hydration reaction. Interestingly, setting time and mechanical properties present the opposite tendencies [ 11 , 12 ]. Therefore, it is essential to find the optimal condition of calcium silicate-based cement.…”

“…The hydration reaction of the C3S and C2S represents dissolution with Ca(OH) 2 and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) production. The expected hydration reactions are as follows [ 12 , 49 , 50 ]: Ca 3 SiO 5 + nH 2 O → x(CaO)·SiO 2 ·(n + x − 3)(H 2 O) + (3 − x)Ca(OH) 2 Ca 2 SiO 4 + 4.3H 2 O → 0.3Ca(OH) 2 + (CaO) 1.7 SiO 2 (H 2 O) 4 …”

“…To overcome the long setting time, CSC (such as Biodentine) with the accelerator was introduced [ 9 , 10 ]. However, the short setting time deteriorates the decrease in mechanical properties [ 11 , 12 ]. Therefore, this study needs to satisfy the ideal clinical properties, especially the setting time and mechanical properties for bioactive endodontic repair cement.…”