Preparation and Characterization of Liposomal β-Caryophyllene (Rephyll) by Nanofiber Weaving Technology and Its Effects on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) in Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover-Designed, and Placebo-Controlled Study

Abstract

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a complex spreading out, which is related to swelling of muscles, tenderness, rigidity, pain, disruption of muscle fiber, alteration in the kinematics of joint, acute tissue damage, and reduction in power and strength. β-Caryophyllene (BCP), a potent phytocannabinoid, could play an important role in managing DOMS because of its wide diversity of biological activities, particularly its anti-inflammatory activity; however, its poor stability in light, temperature, high volatility, and insolubility can restrict the medical practices. In this study, liposomal β-caryophyllene (Rephyll) was designed and established in powder form constructed by the nanofiber weaving technology to improve the bioavailability of BCP with improved stability. Rephyll was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry studies. Encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and in vitro release studies revealed that Rephyll can be an auspicious drug delivery arrangement for BCP. The effects of Rephyll were evaluated by a randomized, double-blinded, crossover-designed, placebo-controlled study. The oral consumption of Rephyll significantly reduced the pain visual assessment score, revealing that Rephyll effectively reduced DOMS with improved recovery without any side effects due to the bioavailable form of the phytocannabinoid BCP in the liposomal powder formulation.

Fiber-Reinforced-Phospholipid Vehicle-Based Delivery of l-Ascorbic Acid: Development, Characterization, ADMET Profiling, and Efficacy by a Randomized, Single-Dose, Crossover Oral Bioavailability Study

“…This reveals the good encapsulation of AA into the nanofiber-stabilized liposomes due to the incorporation of AA into the phospholipids . The DSC spectrum of Zeal-AA shows the phospholipid melting point as a minor endothermic peak at 83 °C , and likeness associated with the vaporization of bounded and unbounded water molecules . The main exothermic peaks at 193 °C are due to the dissociation of phospholipid–AA cooperative forces (van der Waals forces and H-bonding) .…”

“…The TEM images exhibit a distinct dark gray interface inside and a well-rounded transparent phospholipid layer, while the inner portion is seen to be darker, which is ascribed to the fastening effect of TNF. 20 The TEM and SEM of Zeal-AA reveal the formation of true liposomal products with a smooth surface and spherical shape without any accumulation, specifying the stability of the formulation. 2.3.…”

“…30 Similarly, the exothermic peak at 282 °C results during crystallization of the AA matrix with the thermoplastic polymer from the nanofiber, which is well known by the mass reduction of the glycosidic linkage of cellulose and AA degradation. 20 The DSC results for FRP show that the stability of FRP is improved due to the incorporation of AA into the lipid bilayer with the fastening effect of the TNF.…”

“…30 The DSC spectrum of Zeal-AA shows the phospholipid melting point as a minor endothermic peak at 83 °C30,31 and likeness associated with the vaporization of bounded and unbounded water molecules. 20 The main exothermic peaks at 193 °C are due to the dissociation of phospholipid−AA cooperative forces (van der Waals forces and H-bonding). 30 Similarly, the exothermic peak at 282 °C results during crystallization of the AA matrix with the thermoplastic polymer from the nanofiber, which is well known by the mass reduction of the glycosidic linkage of cellulose and AA degradation.…”

Effects of inhaled β‑caryophyllene on vascular stiffness in smokers: A randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled trial

“…BCP is present in essential oils at concentrations of 20% for clove bud oil, 20% for basil oil, 16% for oregano oil, 15% for hop oil, 11% for cinnamon oil, 8% for rosemary oil, 7% for black pepper oil, and 5% for lavender oil (20,21). A clinical study related to BCP has also been reported (22).…”