“…It is used for various industrial applications (ceramics, inks, purification oils, pharmaceuticals, paper, paint, oil industry, etc.). Clay is one of the most used industrial raw materials, the latest studies on the Miocene marls of Benjalik show an impressive potential, and they have been doped with MnO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , and Al 2 O 3 [Mesrar et al, 2014[Mesrar et al, , 2021. Conventional concrete is very expensive, and causes irreparable damage to the environment, hence the idea of preparing a thermal insulation material with acceptable mechanical properties [Yew et al, 2021] On the other hand, the marl shrinks with the increase of temperature because the porosity created during the firing enables the gases released by the decomposition of carbonates and organic matter to escape [Allison et al, 1965].…”