Preparation and Characterization of Porous Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 Electrodes for the Removal of Chloride Ions in Water

Abstract

Porous Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes for electrocatalytic oxidation of chloride ions were studied by exploring the effects of different operating conditions, including pore size, initial concentration, current density, initial pH, electrode plate spacing, and the number of cycles. In addition, a physicochemical characterization and an electrochemical characterization of the porous Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes were performed. The results showed that Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes with 150 µm pore size had the best removal effect on chloride ions with removal ratios amounting up to 98.5% when the initial concentration was 10 g L−1, the current density 125 mA cm−2, the initial pH = 9, and the electrode plate spacing 0.5 cm. The results, moreover, showed that the oxygen evolution potential of 150 µm porous Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes was highest, which minimized side reactions involving oxygen formation and which increased the removal effect of chloride ions.

CMS and Nd Co-Modified PbO2 Electrodes with Enhanced Lifetime and Electrochemical Activity for the Degradation of Bisphenol S

“…When CMS and Nd co-modified the electrode, the surface roughness of the electrode was improved and the electrode was denser, which enabled the electrode to have a larger specific surface area and provide more active sites. 36,37 A denser electrode means the electrode is less prone to deactivation, which is beneficial for longer electrode life.…”

Editorial on Special Issue Electrolysis Processes

“…With respect to water, one issue is water scarcity, causing 1.2 billion people to suffer from a lack of water [7]. Another issue is industry or domestic-based water pollution [7][8][9]. Due to the widespread use of chlorinated compounds such as HCl, NaCl, and MgCl 2 in the industry, the content of chloride ion in wastewater is increasing [8,9].…”

“…Another issue is industry or domestic-based water pollution [7][8][9]. Due to the widespread use of chlorinated compounds such as HCl, NaCl, and MgCl 2 in the industry, the content of chloride ion in wastewater is increasing [8,9]. If it is discharged directly to the environment, diverse environmental issues will be created with consequences for water resources, soil and human health.…”

“…Electrochemical oxidation processes have a high potential for efficient removal of even trace amounts of Cl − due to high degradation efficiency, no secondary pollution, modularity, flexibility, and use of renewable electricity, which can contribute to stabilization of the energy grid. The degradation efficiency and degradation products of the electrochemical oxidation process change with the anode material, therefore, two articles by Xu et al [8] and Liu et al [9] discuss the development of new anode materials for electrochemical Cl − removal. Xu et al [8] studied porous Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 3 /PbO 2 electrodes for electrocatalytic oxidation of chloride ions by varying different parameters.…”

“…The degradation efficiency and degradation products of the electrochemical oxidation process change with the anode material, therefore, two articles by Xu et al [8] and Liu et al [9] discuss the development of new anode materials for electrochemical Cl − removal. Xu et al [8] studied porous Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 3 /PbO 2 electrodes for electrocatalytic oxidation of chloride ions by varying different parameters. The results have shown that Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 3 /PbO 2 electrodes with 150 µm pore size had the best removal effect on chloride ions with removal ratios amounting up to 98.5% when the initial concentration of chloride ion was 10 g L −1 .…”