[3]ferrocenophanes with X–E–X ansa moieties containing a low coordinated center E stabilized by adjacent
donor units X were studied by density functional theory methods. The
cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings favor an eclipsed position in most cases
and exhibit a shortened C(1)–C(1′) distance compared
to parent ferrocene. In case of bridges with the second row elements,
the tilt of the Cp rings is more significant than that in case of
third row elements; however, the estimated strain does not exceed
6 kcal/mol. The ansa unit has similar structural
characteristics to the X–E–X-fragment in a six-membered
saturated ring, with bond angles larger than that in the well-known
heterocycles featuring five-membered cyclic systems. For compounds
with X = PMe and E = C, Si, Ge, the non-planar coordination of the
phosphorus atoms yields two symmetric minimum structures that are
distinguished by trans and cis alignment
of the PMe groups and are connected by a low-energy asymmetric transition
structure with one planarized and one highly pyramidal phosphorus.
In case of the analogous species with E = P+, this asymmetric
structure was located as the sole minimum. A detailed analysis of
the Kohn–Sham orbitals and the analysis of the electron density
show that the electronic system of the ferrocene fragment is not mixing
considerably with that of the low coordinated center of the ansa unit.