Preparation and Performance of Antibacterial Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyethylene Glycol/Chitosan Hydrogels Containing Silver Chloride Nanoparticles via One-step Method

Abstract

Silver nano-particles (AgNPs)-filled antibacterial materials have been widely employed in the fields of biology and biomedicine. However, AgNPs have shown obvious cytotoxicity. Hence it is more reasonable to use silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl NPs) to prepare antibacterial materials due to the slow release of silver ions created by AgCl NPs formed in the chitosan. In this experiment, a useful antibacterial hydrogel for skin repairation was prepared by exploring the relationship between AgCl NPs and cytotoxicity. It is worth noting that the crosslinked network structure was successfully obtained in an antibacterial AgCl/PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol)/PEG (Polyethylene glycol)/CS (Chitosan) hydrogel materials by the hydrothermal method. In detail, the dynamic particle size distribution of AgCl NPs was relatively uniform, which is analyzed by a dynamic light scattering (DLS). The internal structure of the lyophilized hydrogel showed obvious porous structure, indicating that the hydrogel had high water content. The result of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the existence of a silver element. The release concentration of silver ions was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) to study the effect of silver ions release concentration on the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of hydrogel. The results show that the lower concentration of silver ions can make the hydrogel have good antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity. The bacteriostatic rate of the antibacterial hydrogel was over 90%. Simultaneously, the mechanical properties test shows that the hydrogel has good mechanical properties, which can be widely used as an antibacterial material.

Dual Cross-Linked Chitosan/PVA Hydrogels Containing Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Properties

“…The hydrogels without AgNPs did not show inhibitory activity, probably due to the fact that the majority of amine groups in CS are involved in the cross-linking reactions. The results are not totally consistent with those obtained by Li et al (2019) [ 66 ], since our AgNP-loaded hydrogels showed a strong antibacterial effect against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae and have almost no activity against E. coli. In fact, the antimicrobial activity was dependent on the content in AgNPs, increasing with the increase of Ag percentage in hydrogel, with this aspect largely demonstrated in the literature [ 24 , 29 , 38 , 54 ].…”

“…The hydrogel samples with higher content of AgNPs (>0.11 wt.%) and larger size (>100 nm) showed a cell viability smaller than 50% (data not shown) due to the higher concentration of released silver ions. Similar results were found by Li et al [ 66 ] when they tested the growth of NIH3T3 cells in contact with AgCl NP-loaded hydrogels, a higher content of AgCl NPs (1.8 wt.%) in hydrogel causing a strong cytotoxic effect. In fact, the low toxicity reported by other researchers is due to the fact that they used another test approach, namely the extract method which does not involve direct contact between cells and nanoparticles [ 38 , 68 ].…”

Unilateral Silver-Loaded Silk Fibroin Difunctional Membranes as Antibacterial Wound Dressings

“…This decreased cytotoxicity of the two-layered membranes may be related to AgCl on different sides, as shown in SEM images. In addition, the cell viability test on the Ag-SF side showed that the cytotoxicity was dose-dependent, which agreed with a previous study …”

Highly Swellable and Stretchable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels Enabled by Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanosheets

“…d) The mechanism for the high strength and strain of P(MAH‐β‐CD‐ co ‐NIPAM)/f‐BNNS hydrogel. e) Tensile strength versus tensile strain chart of various PNIPAM‐based hydrogels and nanocomposite hydrogels reported in the literature: boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS)/clay/PNIPAM gel, [ 16 ] carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/PNIPAM gel, [ 2 ] CNT composite gel, [ 37 ] graphene oxide (GO)/PNIPAM gel, [ 20 ] Laponite/PNIPAM gel, [ 32 ] BNNS composite gel, [ 18 ] AgCl/polyvinyl alcohol/polyethylene glycol/chitosan (AgCl/PVA/PEG/CS) gel, [ 38 ] polyacrylamide/Au@polydopamine (PAM/Au@PDA) gel, [ 17 ] and Al‐alginate/PNIPAM gel. [ 19 ]…”

“…BNNSs were prepared and characterized according to the previous work. [ 21–38 ] NIPAM (99%), copper(I) bromide (CuBr, 99.99%), N,N,N ′ ,N ″ ,N ″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMEDTA), ascorbic acid, α‐bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB), N , N ‐dimethylformamide (DMF, 99%), MAH (99%), β‐CD, and TEMED (99%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. KPS and BIS were provided by Aladdin Industrial Corporation.…”