Preparation and photo-induced activities of water-soluble amyloid β-C₆₀ complexes

Abstract

We have shown that fullerene (C60) becomes soluble in water by mixing fullerene and amyloid β peptide (Aβ40) whose fibril structures are considered to be associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Fullerenemalonates inhibit amyloid beta aggregation, in vitro and in silico evaluation

“…66 Therefore, it is not surprising that aqueous solutions of disodium fullerenemalonates (C 61 (COONa) 2 , C 62 (COONa) 4 and C 63 (COONa) 6 ) and other water-soluble fullerene derivatives evaluated as inhibitors of Ab aggregation comprise nanoclusters rather than individual solvated molecules. 16,24,25,29,30,61,62,69 Nevertheless, the results obtained in this study and other reports show that self-assembly in polar solvents to form stable nanoaggregates does not affect its anti-Ab activity.…”

“…17,28,63 Likewise, the appended organic addends on the carbon cage in fullerenemalonates make them truly amphiphilic and induce a strong tendency to self-assemble in polar solvents to form stable solutions of nanoaggregates. 25,43,[64][65][66][67][68] Specically, the self-assembly of sodium carboxylated fullerenes (C 61 (COONa) 2 and C 62 (COONa) 4 ) in aqueous solution produces solid spherical particles with an average hydrodynamic radius R h z 32 nm for C 61 (COONa) 2 and hollow shells with mainly two different size scales of R h z 23 nm and R h z 104 nm for the isomeric mixture of bisadducts, C 62 (COONa) 4 . 66 Therefore, it is not surprising that aqueous solutions of disodium fullerenemalonates (C 61 (COONa) 2 , C 62 (COONa) 4 and C 63 (COONa) 6 ) and other water-soluble fullerene derivatives evaluated as inhibitors of Ab aggregation comprise nanoclusters rather than individual solvated molecules.…”

“…This dual property of fullerenes to either quench or generate cell-damaging ROS has been applied as a cytoprotective or cytotoxic anticancer/antimicrobial/anti-Ab agent. [22][23][24][25][26] Previous reports indicated that fullerenes, and certain fullerene derivatives, inhibit Ab aggregation much more efficiently under photo-irradiation with visible light. 24,25 The dual property of C 60 to either scavenge or produce ROS has been used for a synergistic therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD).…”

“…[22][23][24][25][26] Previous reports indicated that fullerenes, and certain fullerene derivatives, inhibit Ab aggregation much more efficiently under photo-irradiation with visible light. 24,25 The dual property of C 60 to either scavenge or produce ROS has been used for a synergistic therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). 26 Fullerenes have two important advantages in AD research: their structure allows them to cross the blood-brain barrier 27 and they show a high capacity to inhibit Ab bril formation.…”

“…26 Fullerenes have two important advantages in AD research: their structure allows them to cross the blood-brain barrier 27 and they show a high capacity to inhibit Ab bril formation. 16,17,24,25,[28][29][30] However, there is controversy regarding the biocompatibility of fullerenes: some groups report nontoxic effects in different tested models, such as the LLC-PK1 proximal tubule cell model 31 or L929 mouse subcutaneous connective cells; 32 however, a high concentration of fullerenes induces toxicity in the same studies. Therefore, the correlation between the amount of fullerene necessary to perform its biological activity and biocompatibility remains unclear.…”