Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Nano- Hydroxyapatite Based 3D Porous Scaffold for Biomedical Application

Abstract

Over the last decades, hydroxyapatite (HA) and its composite with biopolymer have been extensively developed and applied in biomedical application. The aim of this study is to produce a novel 3D porous HA scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. Scaffolds with varying composition of HA, chitosan, gelatin, agarose and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) were prepared using freeze drying method. The composite scaffold was analyzed to determine density, porosity, biodegradability, swelling kinetics, morphology and structural properties. Porosity and density of the prepared scaffolds were 85.17 to 92.21% and 0.317 to 0.495g/cm3, respectively. The swelling ability of the prepared scaffolds showed similar efficacy. FTIR analysis showed intermolecular interaction between components in the scaffold. Pore size of the developed scaffolds were measured by scanning electron microscopy and found that regardless of their composition showed adequate pore sizes ranging from 174 to 405µm. Brine shrimp lethality assay indicated that the obtained scaffolds had no cytotoxic effects, and that they had good biocompatibility. The results suggested that, these homogeneous composite scaffolds were found to be potential candidates as bone grafting materials for bone tissue engineering applications. On the other hand, polyvinyl alcohol, PVA, is a water soluble synthetic resin which is obtained through polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer. By hydrolysis, the acetate groups are converted in hydroxyl groups. The degree of hydrolysis in a polyvinyl alcohol reagent is controlled by this process. The polar nature of poly (vinyl alcohol) facilitates the formation of hydrogen bonds and eventual condensation with silanol groups (from developing polysilicate network) formed by hydrolysis of the silicon alkoxides. Keywords17 Moreover PVA has been proposed for controlled release systems and is employed in a variety of biomedical applications, generally being considered to be biocompatible. 18,19 A polymer or combination of polymers can be fabricated into a porous scaffold through various techniques, such as sintering, salt leaching, freeze-drying, solvent casting, gas foaming, fibre meshes, phase separation, melt moulding, emulsion free drying, solution casting, etc. Sintering uses high temperatures to bond substances together as well as burn out organic material to form a porous structure.20 Salt leaching is also feasible, but is limited by the prolonged contact of particles with water and the requirement for salt removal.21 This study has chosen freeze-drying because it can form highly a porous structure and offer stability and ease of handling. 22,23 This study focuses on preparing and characterizing composite scaffold synthesized from three natural-based materials-chitosan, gelatin and HA. Afterwards in combination with agarose/PVA, these three materials offer potential synergies between physical properties and bioactivity for use as bone substitutes in bone grafts, benefiting a range of surgical applications. So a well-designed three-dimensional ...

Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Collagen-Chitosan-Mg-ZnO Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Freeze-dried scaffolds were cut into small pieces and placed in the autofine coater for 45 s (vacuum pressure at least 2.5 pa) for 1-2 nm platinum coating. After sputtering, samples were mounted on STV which was then placed in the sample holders and finally placed in the FESEM chamber [7]. ) was confirmed by the peaks at 1411, 1458, and 1597 (cm -1 ) in the spectra, and similarly, the bands at 3545 and 3570 (cm -1 ) were linked to the hydroxyl group's (OH -) distinctive stretching modes (Figure 1(a)).…”

“…McFarland standard (1 00 × 108 CFU/ml) based on the optical density (OD) measurement at 620 nm [7,28]. The Mueller-Hinton agar medium (HIMEDIA/M173) was sterilized (121 °C for 20 min) for the disc diffusion experiment.…”

“…For the treatment of these bone defects, implantable biomaterials such as autografts, allografts, and xenografts are currently being used clinically; however, these approaches have several drawbacks, including postoperative pain, increased blood loss, risk of infectious diseases, scarcity of donors, high costs, immune rejection, and secondary surgical wounds [4]. In order to alleviate these shortcomings, tissue engineering (TE) integrates scaffolds, cells, and physiologically active chemicals to generate functional tissues to improve tissue regeneration by recapitulating a difference in the physical structure of the tissue [1,[5][6][7].…”

In vitro and in vivo examination of the osteogenic ability of 3d scaffold chitosan-hydroxyapatite : a systematic review

“…The size of porous from this scaffold allows scaffold to perform cell adhesion, proliferation, and nutrition supply enhancement that enable bone tissue growth quickly and precisely. 27 In previous research, it is evident that concentration of HA exceeded 80%, creating a fragile scaffold. Chitosan and HA were homogen combined in situ synthethic HA using coprecipitation method and porous tissue generated from lyophilisation showed fine porosity and some cells could grow in 3D scaffold porous.…”

Modifiers for Medical Grade Polymeric Systems used in FDM 3D Printing - Short Review

“…Over 70% of inorganic composition of the bone mainly consists of hydroxyapatite, which makes it suitable component for promoting bone tissue regeneration [30]. Furthermore, it has been proven that hydroxyapatite has osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, that result in a good cellular and tissue responses, while conducting in vitro and in vivo tests [31,32]. In biomedical constructs printed in FDM technology, hydroxyapatite generally occurs in compositions with PLA [33,34] and PCL [35,36].…”