Preparation and plasticizing mechanism of deep eutectic solvent/lignin plasticized chitosan films

Strategies to Prepare Chitin and Chitosan-Based Bioactive Structures Aided by Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Review

“…Similarly, Sun et al [261] have reported how a DES formed by ChCl/lactic acid allowed for the preparation of chitosan biofilms for antibacterial wound dressing, very active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, easily degradable in both soil and water, and also showing UV barrier properties. Reducing atherosclerosis ChCl/urea Chitin-glucan complexes [264] Anticoagulant and antiviral properties Sulfamic acid/urea Sulfated chitosan [265] Alternative to traditional fluorophores and metal-based catalysts ChCl/urea Luminescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots from chitin [266] Catalyst for aerobic oxidation of β-isophorone ChCl/urea Metallophthalocyanines on chitosan [267] Food packaging ChCl/several HBDs Chitosan films [268] ChCl/glycerol Chitosan films [269] ChCl/lactic acid Chitosan films [270] ChCl/lactic acid Chitosan/lignin films [271] Betaine/lactic acid Chitosan/lignin nanoparticle films [272] Thymol/octanoic acid Chitosan/gelatin films [273] Self-healing biomaterials ChCl/citric acid Self-healing chitosan films [274] Biocomposites ChCl/thiourea Chitosan nanofibers [275] Biocomposites ChCl/urea cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW)/chitosan nanocomposite [276] Non-porous (dense) membranes for pervaporation L-proline/sulfolane Chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde [277] Dye absorption ChCl/urea Chitosan beads [278] ChCl/lactate Chitosan/lignin [279] Sun et al [263] have recently reported the generation of a biocompatible chitosan-based supramolecular 3D aerogel, also intended for wound healing, formed by chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, and a DES (glycerol/lactic acid) joined by hydrogen bonding, which was also very active against S. aureus and E. coli and was very active in promoting wound healing.…”

“…Thus, it is not surprising to find plenty of uses of DESs as auxiliaries/additives to improve chitosan-based food packaging biomaterials, as shown in Table 3. In this sense, it is worth mentioning the synergic combination of chitosan (derived from chitin, the world's most abundant renewable resource and a by-product of the fishing industry [27]) and lignin (derived from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on Earth [26]) for the sustainable production of biomaterials useful for food packaging [271,272]. This synergy is well known, as both chitin and lignin as natural ingredients show interesting applications in the substitution of usual synthetic chemicals for the production of innovative/healthy products [288]; in addition, chitin and lignin are used in production of phenolic monomers via catalytic depolymerization processes [289,290].…”

Tuning of Chitosan with Lignin derived Bioactive Properties to develop a Lignin Reinforced and Sustainable Food Packaging Biomaterial

“…Lignin also reduced water vapor permeability due to its hydrophobicity. The hydrogel with lignin exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , suggesting potential for bioactive food packaging [6]. Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) produced from coconut fibre waste were incorporated into macroalgae bio-hydrogels to improve their water tolerance and mechanical characteristics.…”