Preparation and properties of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 single crystals

Bethe, K.; Welz, F.

doi:10.1016/0025-5408(71)90032-8

Cited by 106 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…50 kV/cm. It is interesting to note that the transition is found to be irreversible, i.e., that the R3c phase is shown to be maintained in the ceramics without the application of E. This is quite different from the E-induced phase transitions reported for BaTiO 3 -based [65][66][67] and PbTiO 3 -based [2,[68][69][70][71] single crystals. Considering the fact that the BNT single crystals did not exhibit any change in crystal symmetry, the Cc-R3c phase transition induced by the poling is considered peculiar only for the ceramic forms in the BNT system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Polarization Rotation and Monoclinic Distortion in Ferroelectric (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–BaTiO3 Single Crystals under Electric Fields

et al. 2014

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Abstract:The features of the crystal structures and spontaneous polarization (P s ) under an electric field (E) have been reviewed for (1 − x)(Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 )TiO 3 -xBaTiO 3 (BNT-BT). In-situ measurements of high-resolution synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) under electric fields show that single crystals with x = 0 (BNT) and 5% have a monoclinic distortion in space group Cc at 25 °C. The SR-XRD study combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrates that BNT-5%BT exhibits a rotation of P s in the monoclinic a-c plane by 2° under an E of 70 kV/cm along the <001> pseudo-cubic direction, which is much larger than BNT.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Polarization Rotation and Monoclinic Distortion in Ferroelectric (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–BaTiO3 Single Crystals under Electric Fields

et al. 2014

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“…Clearly the relative strengths of these peaks changes reasonably systematically with thickness. K. 24,29,30 Clearly, there are differences in the absolute temperatures of the apparent phase transitions, but the fact that three transitions are observed suggests that the resulting symmetry changes may well be the same as those in bulk.…”

Section: B Observations On Chemical Solution Deposited Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thickness independence of true phase transition temperatures in barium strontium titanate films

Lookman

Bowman

Gregg

et al. 2004

Journal of Applied Physics

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The functional properties of two types of barium strontium titanate ͑BST͒ thin film capacitor structures were studied: one set of structures was made using pulsed-laser deposition ͑PLD͒ and the other using chemical solution deposition. While initial observations on PLD films looking at the behavior of T m ͑the temperature at which the maximum dielectric constant was observed͒ and T c * ͑from Curie-Weiss analysis͒ suggested that the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition was progressively depressed in temperature as BST film thickness was reduced, further work suggested that this was not the case. Rather, it appears that the temperatures at which phase transitions occur in the thin films are independent of film thickness. Further, the fact that in many cases three transitions are observable, suggests that the sequence of symmetry transitions that occur in the thin films are the same as in bulk single crystals. This new observation could have implications for the validity of the theoretically produced thin film phase diagrams derived by Pertsev et al. ͓Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1988 ͑1998͔͒ and extended by Ban and Alpay ͓J. Appl. Phys. 91, 9288 ͑2002͔͒. In addition, the fact that T m measured for virgin films does not correlate well with the inherent phase transition behavior, suggests that the use of T m alone to infer information about the thermodynamics of thin film capacitor behavior, may not be sufficient.

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“…These ridge features have cracks in their center [22] films thicker than 350Å. Although these films have the narrowest dielectric constant versus temperature peaks reported for SrTiO 3 or (Ba,Sr)TiO 3 films [20], the widths are still about three times broader than (Ba,Sr)TiO 3 single crystals [23], hence local inhomogeneous strains and domains can arise. As further evidence, similar films that are 350Å or less in thickness do not show the topographic ridges, SHG signals or domain like features at room temperature.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multiferroic Domain Dynamics in Strained Strontium Titanate

et al. 2006

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Multiferroicity can be induced in strontium titanate by applying biaxial strain, resulting in the coexistence of both ferroelectric and antiferrodistortive domains. The magnitude and sign of the strain imposed on the lattice by design can be used to tune the phase transitions and interactions between these two phenomena. Using optical second harmonic generation, we report a transition from centrosymmetric 4/mmm phase to ferroelectric mm2, followed by an antiferrodistortive transition to a coupled ferroelastic-ferroelectric mm2 phase in a strontium titanate thin film strained in biaxial tension by 0.94%. The results agree well with theoretical first principles and phase-field predictions. Direct imaging of domains arising from the ferroelectric phase transition, and its switching under electric fields is demonstrated using piezoelectric force microscopy. Nonlinear optics combined with phase-field modeling is used to show that the dominant multiferroic domain switching mechanism is through coupled 90• ferroelectric-ferroelastic domain wall motion. More broadly, these studies of coexisting ferroelectric (polar) and antiferrodistortive rotation (axial) phenomena could have relevance to multiferroics with coexisting ferroelectric (polar) and magnetic (axial) phenomena.PACS numbers: 77.84. Dy, 77.80.Dj, 77.80.Fm, 42.70.Mp Multiferroic materials with multiple order parameters such as polarization, magnetization, and spontaneous strain lead to the coexistence of two or more of the primary ferroic properties. As a consequence, multiferroics are attracting significant interest due to the possibility of a rich array of coupled phenomena such as ferroelasticelectric-magnetic, piezo-electric-magnetic, and electromagneto-optic effects [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. At first glance, strontium titanate would appear an unlikely candidate for a multiferoic. Bulk SrTiO 3 is a cubic (m3m) centrosymmetric perovskite at room temperature; it undergoes a nonpolar antiferrodistortive (AFD) phase transformation to a tetragonal point group 4/mmm at ∼105 K, and exhibits indications of a frustrated ferroelectric (FE) transition at ∼20 K, which it never completes [9]. First principles calculations [10] and thermodynamic analysis [11,12] have suggested however, that external strain can induce ferroelectricity. This prediction has been experimentally confirmed recently in a SrTiO 3 thin film strained in biaxial tension [13]. A number of fundamental issues, however, remain to be addressed. No direct imaging of ferroelectric domains or its switching dynamics has been reported in this material. The multiferroic nature of strained strontium titanate, i.e., the coexistence of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domains has not received much attention, though it is unique in many respects. It is induced by external strain. Further, unlike other ferroelectric-ferroelastics such as BaTiO 3 and PbTiO 3 * In review in Physical Review Letters which have a primary order parameter in polarization and secondary order parameter in strain, two independent primary order par...

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Preparation and properties of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 single crystals

Cited by 106 publications

References 2 publications

Polarization Rotation and Monoclinic Distortion in Ferroelectric (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–BaTiO3 Single Crystals under Electric Fields

Polarization Rotation and Monoclinic Distortion in Ferroelectric (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–BaTiO3 Single Crystals under Electric Fields

Thickness independence of true phase transition temperatures in barium strontium titanate films

Multiferroic Domain Dynamics in Strained Strontium Titanate

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