Preparation and properties of hemoglobin (Hb)-imprinted poly (ionic liquid)s via seATRP in only 5 μL Volumes

From non-conventional ideas to multifunctional solvents inspired by green chemistry: fancy or sustainable macromolecular chemistry?

“…ATRP enables surface modification as well, resulting in smart materials created by grafting polymer brushes from various materials, such as wood, 77,[89][90][91][92] glass, [93][94][95] cellulose, 15,48,96-99 lignin 100 , or silicon wafers. 27,43,47,48,71,75,101 The minimization of reaction volume from millilitres to microliters is one of the factors under current development 43,73,75,102,103 as it both prevents waste and decreases the overall cost. Additionally, in the last 20 years, it was revealed that many compounds might play a dual role in the polymerization mechanism.…”

“…Concerning current developments of ATRP, regarding the decrease in the concentration of catalytic complex 64,76,77,161 or its overall elimination, 49,98,102,162 many researchers are focused on the search of efficient yet low-cost and ecological reducing factors, enabling constant regeneration of activator thorough the reaction and thus employing only ppm amounts of catalyst. 23,64,76,77,163 Depending on the type of reducing factor used, various techniques of ATRP might be distinguished starting with electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP), 70,103,137,[164][165][166] photochemically induced ATRP ( photo-ATRP), 5,43,64,72,76,111 mechanically controlled ATRP (mechano-ATRP) 167,168 or ultrasound-mediated ATRP (sono-ATRP) [169][170][171][172][173] employing external reductors, followed by methods applying compounds present in reaction mixtures, such as zero-valent metals in SARA ATRP 10,48,67,132,174 or chemical substance in Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer (ARGET) ATRP. 15,44,52,60,63,…”

An ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for phospholipase C via signal amplification based on breathing ATRP and its application

“…24–27 However, these methods are time-consuming, difficult to scale up, challenging for nonexperts and could lead to significant evaporation of some volatile reagents. 28…”

“…24,25 Most importantly, breathing ATRP opens the door to radical polymerization in vessels open to the air and may attract more companies to use it on an industrial scale and make small-volume polymerization down to microlitre scale possible. 25,28…”

“…[24][25][26][27] However, these methods are time-consuming, difficult to scale up, challenging for nonexperts and could lead to significant evaporation of some volatile reagents. 28 Breathing ATRP is an improved ATRP method developed in recent years, which is conducted using glucose oxidase (GOx), glucose and sodium pyruvate (SP) as sequential sacrificial sub-strates in the continuous biocatalytic conversion of oxygen to carbon dioxide. 24 The reaction products are CO 2 , acetate and water, all of which do not interfere with the ATRP system.…”