Inorganic hydrated salt phase change materials (PCMs) have the advantages of large latent heat, wide source range, and no poison, and they are widely used in the field of building energy conservation. In this study, sodium sulfate decahydrate (SSD) and sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) were prepared into binary eutectic hydrated salt (EHS) by the melt blending method. The EHS was respectively impregnated into porous adsorption materials, such as attapulgite and expanded perlite, to prepare two shape-stabilized phase change materials (SSPCMs) by the vacuum impregnation method. The chemical structure, crystal phase, and combination mode of eutectic salts and SSPCMs were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The results show that there is no chemical reaction between porous adsorption materials and eutectic salt but a physical combination. Scanning electron microscopy results show that the eutectic is well-adsorbed in the porous structure of attapulgite or expanded perlite. Differential scanning calorimetry results show that, when the molar ratio of SSD/SAT is 0.71:0.29, the phase transition temperature of EHS is 28.5 °C and the phase transition enthalpy is 128.1 J/g. Borax (1.5 wt %) can effectively reduce the subcooling of binary EHS from 10.8 to 0.7 °C. Adding 25 wt % attapulgite can completely adsorb the PCMs; the phase change enthalpy is 92.1 J/g; and after 200 cycles, the enthalpy decreases by 24.6%. Encapsulated by polyurethane, the enthalpy value of SSPCMs only decreases by 10.4% after 200 thermal cycles, showing that the thermal stability is significantly improved.