Preparation, characterization, and anticancer efficacy of novel cobalt oxide nanoparticles conjugated with thiosemicarbazide

Abstract

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in modern societies. Previous studies have shown that the use of nanoparticle complexes is effective in the treatment of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity and anticancer properties of cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized by glutamic acid (Glu) and conjugated with thiosemicarbazide (TSC) on gastric cancer (AGS) cell line. First, the Co 3 O 4 @Glu/TSC nanoparticles were synthesized via co-condensation reaction. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) tests were performed for identifying the morphology, structure, size and functional groups of produced nanoparticles. MTT assay was also performed to evaluate cytotoxicity effect. Moreover, Annexin V/PI staining with flow cytometry analysis, caspase-3 activation assay, and Hoechst 33258 staining was carried out for evaluating apoptosis. The FTIR results showed that the components of Co 3 O 4 @Glu/TSC NPs complex were successfully fabricated. Crystallographic structure of Co 3 O 4 @Glu/TSC NPs was confirmed by XRD patterns. SEM results indicated that the size of the nanoparticles was in the range of 16-40 nm. An EDX spectrum was determined and data explained the existence of cobalt as the prominent element. MTT test results showed that AGS cell life was significantly decreased compared to the control group with increasing concentration of nanoparticles (dose-dependent) (P < 0.05), IC 50 = 107.5 μg/mL. The results of flow cytometry assay and caspase-3 activity showed that fabricated Co 3 O 4 @Glu/TSC NPs induced apoptosis in the treated group. Moreover, Co 3 O 4 @Glu/TSC NPs treated AGS cells indicate an increase in the apoptotic characteristics including nuclear fragmentation. In the current work, the promising cytotoxicity and anti-cancer activities of Co 3 O 4 @Glu/TSC NPs complex toward gastric cancer (AGS) cell line were showed and it can be suggested for the drug delivery system.

Inspirations of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticle Based Anticancer Therapeutics

“…Our recent work also demonstrated that cobalt oxide nanoparticles showed high toxicity against cancer cells while the same concentrations would not induce cytotoxicity against normal cells [20]. Moreover, cobalt oxide nanoparticles were also found to exert anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis or causing DNA damage [21,22]. Last but not least, cobalt oxide nanoparticles could also act as delivery systems with drugs or antigens encapsulated for targeted cancer therapy, causing more selective cancer cell death or stimulating selective anticancer immune responses [23][24][25].…”

“…Jarestan. M. et al obtained Co 3 O 4 @Glu/TSC NPs by contraction and investigated their cytotoxicity on gastric cancer cells [21]. The obtained nanocomplex is coated with glutamic acid to show better moisture properties.…”

Designing of Co0.5Ni0.5GaxFe2−xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) Microspheres via Hydrothermal Approach and Their Selective Inhibition on the Growth of Cancerous and Fungal Cells

“…There are reports that suggest that treatment with nickel nanoparticles can induce anticancer activities in different types of cancer cells [13][14][15][16]. Cobalt nanoparticles also possess anti-cancer activities, as shown in several studies [17][18][19][20]. Besides, gallium nanoparticles also show anti-cancer drug delivery and cancer cell imaging capabilities [21][22][23].…”

Synthesis of Schiff Bases Compounds from Oxamic Hydrazide: Spectroscopic Characterization, X–ray Diffraction Structure and Antioxidant Activity Study

“…Potentially ditopic Schiff bases prepared from oxamic or thioxamic hydrazide have been widely reported in the literature by chemists and in particular those interested in coordination chemistry [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Oxamic hydrazide has two different arms.…”

“…A wide variety of heterocyclic molecules with good medicinal properties are obtained starting from these oxamic precursors [18]. They are used as antibacterial agent, [19] anticonvulsant, [8] antiinflammatory [20], antituberculosis [18] and anticancer agents [4,21]. Schiff's bases are synthesized from oxamic hydrazide and used for the preparation of complexes with transition metal and lanthanide ions [9,[22][23][24][25].…”