Preparation, Characterization, and Biological Activities of Topical Anti-Aging Ingredients in a Citrus junos Callus Extract

Abstract

In this study, we prepared and characterized a callus extract from Citrus junos and assessed its utility as a source of topical anti-aging ingredients. Callus extract was produced by aqueous extraction from Citrus junos grown on Murashige and Skoog medium with picloram as a growth regulator. After measuring the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the major phenolic compound in calli was identified as p-hydroxycinnamoylmalic acid (1) by spectroscopic analysis. The total phenol content in the extract was determined to be 24.50 ± 0.43 mg/g of gallic acid equivalents; however, the total flavonoid content of the extract was not determined. The biological activities of the callus extract, in terms of skin anti-aging, were assessed by measuring the anti-tyrosinase activity in, and melanogenesis by, melanoma cells; and proliferation of, and procollagen synthesis by, human fibroblasts. The callus extract was incorporated into nanoliposomes (NLs) to improve its percutaneous absorption. Addition of the callus extract resulted in a 1.85-fold decrease in the melanin content of melanocytes compared with that with arbutin. The extract (500 μg/mL) significantly promoted the proliferation of, and procollagen synthesis by, fibroblasts (by 154% and 176%, respectively). In addition, the flux through the human epidermis of Citrus junos callus extract incorporated into NLs was 17.67-fold higher than that of the callus extract alone. These findings suggest that Citrus junos callus extract-loaded NLs have promise as an anti-aging cosmetic, as well as having a skin-lightening effect.

1H-NMR Metabolomics and LC-MS Analysis to Determine Seasonal Variation in a Cosmeceutical Plant Leucosidea sericea

“…The anti-acne activity of Citrus species was further confirmed with essential oils of C. limon and C. paradisi, showing anti-acne properties against P. acnes (Zu et al, 2010) while essential oil of C. aurantium is known for its use in the treatment of acne (Sinha et al, 2014). Citrus junos was also investigated for its use in the cosmeceutical industry and the active compounds such as tangeretin and hesperidin were found to have anti-aging and anti-tyrosinase activity (Adhikari et al, 2017). Literature therefore provides ample evidence of the antibacterial activity of the polymethoxylated flavones, and although the activity of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4H-1benzopyran-4-one has not been determined previously, the compound could possess very similar activity to the citrus polymethoxylated flavones such as tangeretin and nobiletin although it should be confirmed in biological assays.…”

“…Hesperidin was found to be the most predominant flavonoid in tangerine peel, followed by tangeretin and nobiletin (Ho and Kuo, 2014). Even though pharmacological activity such as neuroinflammatory activity, antibacterial, antifungal, antiaging, anti-tyrosinase, anti-acne, antiallergic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity against the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been assigned to these compounds, it is known that these compounds individually often do not account for the activity of the extracts, and that these compounds in combination is responsible for the pharmacological activities observed (Kim et al, 2008a;Ho and Kuo, 2014;Rashed et al, 2015;Xu et al, 2015;Vargas et al, 2016;Adhikari et al, 2017;Hagenlocher et al, 2017). Additionally tangeretin and nobiletin also showed the best antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Microsporum canis, Escherichia coli, Trichophyton mentagrophytes when tested against bacterial and fungal species when the peel extracts of C. sinensis, C. limon, and C. reticulata were tested, with antimicrobial activity also reported for these compounds in the leaf extract of C. volkameriana (Johann et al, 2007;Rashed et al, 2015).…”

Plant In Vitro Systems as a Sustainable Source of Active Ingredients for Cosmeceutical Application

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heavy metals trigger skin aging via destruction of the antioxidant system, leading to wrinkle formation, melanogenesis and severe damage of biomolecules, such as DNA. [78,79]. Therefore, active phytochemicals that possess the ability to reduce the free radical damage to the skin, and inhibit the activity of elastase, collagenase and hyaluronidase might have beneficial effects in the prevention of skin aging.…”

“…The wound healing effect of the extract revealed 161% increase in the recovery of the wound closure compared to the control and increased the proliferation and migration of the fibroblasts with 15%. The main compound identified and eventually responsible for the observed activities was p-hydroxycinnamoylmalic acid [79]. The aqueous cell walls extract (mainly peptides and sugars) of Nicotiana tabacum BY2 suspension exhibited DNA protection and repair functions, as well as, increased collagen synthesis and stability in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) and murine fibroblasts (NIH-3T3 cells).…”

Preparation and Characterization of Callus Extract from Pyrus pyrifolia and Investigation of Its Effects on Skin Regeneration

“…Each sample was injected in a volume of 10 µL. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined, as described previously [36][37][38].…”