Preparation, microstructure, and microstructure-properties relationship of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs): A review

Ning, Nanying; Li, Shangqing; Wu, Hanguang; Tian, Ming; Yao, Ping; Hu, Guohua; Tian, Ming; Zhang, Liqun

doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.11.003

Cited by 189 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 227 publications

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“…Since the vulcanized rubber domain and thermoplastic matrix show poor interfacial adhesion, compatibilisation is required to achieve TPV with good overall properties and mechanical strength. Compatibilisers can improve the interfacial adhesion by decreasing the surface tension of the TPV components [41,42]. The preparation of TPV compounds is expensive and requires complex processing since the dispersed rubber phase needs to be crosslinked during mixing.…”

Section: Thermoplastic Vulcanizatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, dynamic vulcanisation involving the immobilisation of the dispersed phase via crosslinking can also improve the blend compatibility. Usually, the vulcanized rubber as the dispersed phase is a crosslinked component distributed in the continuous thermoplastic phase [42].…”

Section: Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waste Rubber Recycling: A Review on the Evolution and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers

2020

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Currently, plastics and rubbers are broadly being used to produce a wide range of products for several applications like automotive, building and construction, material handling, packaging, toys, etc. However, their waste (materials after their end of life) do not degrade and remain for a long period of time in the environment. The increase of polymeric waste materials' generation (plastics and rubbers) in the world led to the need to develop suitable methods to reuse these waste materials and decrease their negative effects by simple disposal into the environment. Combustion and landfilling as traditional methods of polymer waste elimination have several disadvantages such as the formation of dust, fumes, and toxic gases in the air, as well as pollution of underground water resources. From the point of energy consumption and environmental issues, polymer recycling is the most efficient way to manage these waste materials. In the case of rubber recycling, the waste rubber can go through size reduction, and the resulting powders can be melt blended with thermoplastic resins to produce thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) compounds. TPE are multi-functional polymeric materials combining the processability of thermoplastics and the elasticity of rubbers. However, these materials show poor mechanical performance as a result of the incompatibility and immiscibility of most polymer blends. Therefore, the main problem associated with TPE production from recycled materials via melt blending is the low affinity and interaction between the thermoplastic matrix and the crosslinked rubber. This leads to phase separation and weak adhesion between both phases. In this review, the latest developments related to recycled rubbers in TPE are presented, as well as the different compatibilisation methods used to improve the adhesion between waste rubbers and thermoplastic resins. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

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Section: Thermoplastic Vulcanizatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waste Rubber Recycling: A Review on the Evolution and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers

2020

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“…The properties of TPVs strongly depended on the final morphology, which were affected by many factors, such as the cross‐linking degree of the rubber phase, composition, viscosity and elasticity of individual components, preparation method, and processing condition . Some literatures about the phase morphology formation during dynamical vulcanization were reported .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 The properties of TPVs strongly depended on the final morphology, which were affected by many factors, such as the cross-linking degree of the rubber phase, composition, viscosity and elasticity of individual components, preparation method, and processing condition. 27,28 Some literatures about the phase morphology formation during dynamical vulcanization were reported. [29][30][31] The viscosity and modulus of the rubber phase were dramatically increased because of the cross-linking, which was elongated and broken into microparticles induced by the strong stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and properties of novel fluorosilicone thermoplastic vulcanizate with cross‐linking–controlled core‐shell structure

Wang

Tang

Ren

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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A new fluorosilicone thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), silicone rubber (SR), and fluororubber (FKM) was successfully prepared through dynamic vulcanization. The morphological structure of the TPVs had core‐shell elastomer particles dispersed in a continuous PVDF matrix. Furthermore, the cross‐linking of core‐shell structure was controlled by adopting different curing agent. The effect of cross‐linking–controlled core‐shell structure on the morphology, crystallization behavior, stress relaxation test, solvent‐resistant properties of the obtained TPVs were investigated. It was found that the shell cross‐link had a significant influence on the crystallinity of the PVDF phase. The core‐shell bicross‐linked TPV was found to provide the lowest rate of relaxation. An obvious stress softening phenomenon was observed in the uniaxial loading‐unloading cycles in tension. The bicross‐linked TPV had good solvent resistant properties. The tensile strength of the bicross‐linked TPV was still 12 MPa even after immersed in butyl acetate for 48 hours.

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Thermoplastic Elastomers

Kalita¹,

Parameswaran²,

Singha³

2022

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are biphasic blends of soft amorphous matrix and hard crystalline/glassy domains in which the soft matrix is physically integrated with the help of the hard phase. They possess the physical properties of thermoset rubbers, such as flexibility, softness, and resilience, but they can be processed by plastic processing techniques unlike rubbers. They can be recycled since no external cross‐linking agents are required during processing. This article delineates different synthetic methods (existing as well as the newer methods), structure–property relationship, morphology, environmental issues, health aspects, and applications of various classes of thermoplastic elastomers. Some of the new‐generation thermoplastic elastomers such as acrylate, self‐healing, silicone‐based, fluorinated, ionic, and bio‐based TPEs have been explored in industrial applications due to their attractive properties such as high performance, lower as well as upper service temperature, and high‐temperature resistance. The circular economy and sustainability aspects of the TPEs are also discussed.

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Preparation, microstructure, and microstructure-properties relationship of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs): A review

Cited by 189 publications

References 227 publications

Waste Rubber Recycling: A Review on the Evolution and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers

Waste Rubber Recycling: A Review on the Evolution and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers

Preparation and properties of novel fluorosilicone thermoplastic vulcanizate with cross‐linking–controlled core‐shell structure

Thermoplastic Elastomers

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