Preparation of a halogen-free flame retardant and its effect on the poly(L-lactic acid) as the flame retardant material

Zhou, Shanshan; Yang, Yunjie; Zhu, Zhe; Xie, Zhanghua; Sun, Xaioyu; Jia, Chunfeng; Liu, Fude; Wang, Junsheng; Yang, Jinjun

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124027

Cited by 45 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The muffle calcination−FTIR analysis shown in Figure 6 was carried out to investigate the char formation process of PLA/4APP@CS@Si. As can be seen in the range of 200−300 °C, the characteristic chemical bonds of PLA (3500−4000 cm −1 : corresponding to −OH of water 41 and PLA; 42 2998 and 2946 cm −1 : corresponding to the −CH stretching vibration; 1760 cm −1 : corresponding to the C�O stretching vibration of the ester bond in PLA 37,43 ) did not change significantly, indicating that PLA did not decompose at this stage. When the temperature was up to 300 °C and above, the infrared absorptions of the flame retardant PLA changed significantly.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Aqueous Self-Assembly of Bio-Based Flame Retardants for Fire-Retardant, Smoke-Suppressive, and Toughened Polylactic Acid

Liu

Yao

Zhang

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Incorporating bio-based flame retardants into polylactic acid (PLA) for improving its fire retarding performance has always been attractive to researchers worldwide, while the synthesis of bio-based flame retardants always involves organic solvents. The drawbacks of bio-based flame retardants are also nonignorable, such as strong hydrophilicity, aggregation, and deterioration of the mechanical properties of PLA. Here, the biobased flame retardant APP@CS@Si was assembled in the water phase with ammonium polyphosphates (APP) and chitosan (CS) and carboxylated silicone oil (Si-COOH/Si). The results showed that the Si-COOH shell not only decreased the hydrophilicity of the flame retardant but also had superior fire retardancy due to its improved char formation ability. Only 2 wt % APP@CS@Si can endow PLA with satisfying flame retardancy such as the UL-94 V-0 grade. Higher values of the fire propagation index (0.150) and flame retardancy index (1.33) were also achieved by PLA with 4 wt % APP@CS@Si compared with those of PLA with the same loading of APP@CS. Interestingly, the total smoke release amount (TSR) of PLA/4APP@CS@Si was 60% lower than that of PLA/ 4APP@CS, exhibiting its excellent smoke suppression ability. Moreover, Si-COOH could also be deemed as a soft shell to improve the toughness of PLA with increased impact strength and elongation at break of the PLA composite by 20 and 16%, respectively.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Aqueous Self-Assembly of Bio-Based Flame Retardants for Fire-Retardant, Smoke-Suppressive, and Toughened Polylactic Acid

Liu

Yao

Zhang

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…By comparison, the intensity of PLA/M5B15 was much lower than that of PLA/B15, indicating that the introduction of MCAPP inhibits the pyrolysis of the composites. More interestingly, the comparatively weak peaks appeared at around 1166 cm −1 and 997 cm −1 in the spectra of PLA/M5B15, which were assigned to the phosphorus-containing compounds (P-O-C) and NH 3 originated from the thermal decomposition of MCAPP [ 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The existence of NH 3 exerted flame retardant effects by diluting the concentration of the flammable gases around the composite, absorbing heat energy, and inhibiting the combustion of the substrate [ 47 ]. As depicted in Figure 8 f, P-O-C had an apparent intensity in the region of 400–620 °C, generated during the degradation of the PLA/M5B15, which can terminate the chain reaction, capture OH· and H· and prevent the matrix from further heating [ 48 ]. Consequently, the interactions between BPP and MCAPP acted as a flame retardant owing to the “barrier effect” of protective char residue, delaying the temperature of the maximum absorbance intensity of CO 2 , CO, C=O, and CH 3 /CH 2 , and reducing the total release of gaseous products.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardancy and Thermal Property of Environment-Friendly Poly(lactic acid) Composites Based on Banana Peel Powder

et al. 2022

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Banana peel powder (BPP) was used to prepare poly(lactic acid) (PLA) bio-based composites and the flame retardancy was enhanced by introducing silica-gel microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP). The results showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA containing 15 wt % BPP was 22.1% and just passed the UL-94 V-2 rate. Moreover, with the introduction of 5 wt % MCAPP and 15 wt % BPP, the PLA composite had a higher LOI value of 31.5%, and reached the UL-94 V-0 rating, with self-extinguishing and anti-dripping abilities. The PLA/M5B15 also had a lower peak heat release rate (296.7 kW·m−2), which was 16% lower than that of the PLA/B15 composite. Furthermore, the synergistic effects between MCAPP and BPP impart better thermal stability to PLA composites. According to the investigation of the char residue and pyrolysis gaseous products, MCAPP with BPP addition is beneficial to the formation of a higher quality char layer in the solid phase but also plays the flame retardant effect in the gas phase. This work provides a simple and efficient method to solve the high cost and flammability issues of PLA composites.

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“…As presented in Figure 2d, PBPP exhibited excellent flame retardant efficiency and significantly enhanced the thermal stability of PLA composites compared to reported flame retardants. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] The above comparisons indicated that PLA/PBPP composites achieved a relatively optimum balance between flame retardancy and thermal stability, showing expansive application prospects in some key fields. The influence of phosphate ester flame retardant PBPP on the crystallization properties of PLA composites was studied by DSC tests.…”

Section: Thermal and Crystallization Behavior Analysis Of Pla/pbpp Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A monomolecular organophosphate for enhancing the flame retardancy, thermostability and crystallization properties of polylactic acid

Liu

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polylactic acid (PLA) is regarded as one of the most promising bioplastics. However, its inherent high flammability of PLA seriously limits its application in the emerging fields. Although the traditional phosphate flame retardants showed excellent flame retardant efficiency in PLA, they often failed to meet the processing requirements of PLA and the thermal stability of PLA composites was decreased after their addition. Herein, an organophosphate flame retardant pentaerythritol bis(phenyl phosphonate) (PBPP) with high thermal stability and phosphorus content was synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution reaction in our laboratory. The introduction of PBPP simultaneously improved the flame retardancy, thermostability and crystallization properties of PLA. Only 3 wt% PBPP endowed PLA composites with UL‐94 V‐0 grade and higher LOI of 28.3% due to its excellent gas phase effect. Moreover, the crystallinity of PLA/PBPP4 was enhanced from 14.2% of PLA to 32.2% with the improvement of 127%. Because of the similar structure and good compatibility between organophosphate flame retardant and PLA matrix, flame retardant PLA/PBPP maintained almost the same strength as neat PLA. This study provided a novel way for the preparation of a high‐performance flame retardant PLA composites with excellent comprehensive properties and it was important to expand the application value of multifunctional PLA materials.

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Preparation of a halogen-free flame retardant and its effect on the poly(L-lactic acid) as the flame retardant material

Cited by 45 publications

References 56 publications

Aqueous Self-Assembly of Bio-Based Flame Retardants for Fire-Retardant, Smoke-Suppressive, and Toughened Polylactic Acid

Aqueous Self-Assembly of Bio-Based Flame Retardants for Fire-Retardant, Smoke-Suppressive, and Toughened Polylactic Acid

Flame Retardancy and Thermal Property of Environment-Friendly Poly(lactic acid) Composites Based on Banana Peel Powder

A monomolecular organophosphate for enhancing the flame retardancy, thermostability and crystallization properties of polylactic acid

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