Preparation of a Nanoemulsion with Carapa guianensis Aublet (Meliaceae) Oil by a Low‐Energy/Solvent‐Free Method and Evaluation of Its Preliminary Residual Larvicidal Activity

Abstract

Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) seeds are the source of an oil with a wide range of biological activities and ethnopharmacological uses. However, few studies have devoted attention to innovative formulations, including nanoemulsions. The present study aimed to obtain a colloidal system with the andiroba oil using a low-energy and organic-solvent-free method. Moreover, the preliminary residual larvicidal activity of the nanoemulsion against Aedes aegypti was evaluated. Oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids, in addition to the phytosterol β-sitosterol and limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids). The required hydrophile-lipophile was around 11.0 and the optimal nanoemulsion was obtained using polysorbate 85. The particle size distribution suggested the presence of small droplets (mean diameter around 150 nm) and low polydispersity index (around 0.150). The effect of temperature on particle size distribution revealed that no major droplet size increase occurred. The preliminary residual larvicidal assay suggested that the mortality increased as a function of time. The present study allowed achievement of a potential bioactive oil in water nanoemulsion that may be a promising controlled release system. Moreover, the ecofriendly approach involved in the preparation associated with the great bioactive potential of C. guianensis makes this nanoemulsion very promising for valorization of this Amazon raw material.

Synthesis and Technology of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticide Formulation

“…For example, a nanoemulsion against Aedes aegypti has been developed separately based on andiroba and copaiba oils with required hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (rHLB) values of 11.2 and 14.8. The nanoemulsions were found to be stable when the HLB value of surfactants was near to the rHLB oil in the system [17,18]. This study has strongly confirmed that when the HLB value of surfactants is similar to the rHLB of the oil used in the system, the most stable nanoemulsion was produced.…”

“…The non-heating process also was suggested where essential oil has been used in the nanoemulsion formulation. Recently, this method has been used to develop nanoemulsions in controlling Aedes aegypti mortality [18,70].…”

Baccharis reticularia DC. and Limonene Nanoemulsions: Promising Larvicidal Agents for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Control

“…Kassir and coworkers [ 51 ] observed a 20% LC 50 reduction from 24 to 48 h (from 53.8 to 32.52 μg mL −1 ) after incubation of pure limonene with Culex quinquefasciatus . The enhancement of activity may be associated to gradative release of the larvicidal compounds from nanostructure systems as nanoemulsions [ 52 ]. Further studies aiming to correlate the release of compounds with mortality as function of time should be performed to better understanding of the phenomena involved in the larvicidal action of nanoemulsions, including those based on B. reticularia .…”

Collagen Synthesis-Promoting Effects of Andiroba Oil and its Limonoid Constituents in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts

“…3 3.6, 152.8 6.8, 129.5 3.0, 119. 4 3.1, 121.4 2.7, 114.5 2.9, and 123.0 3.5 at 3, 100, 30, 3, 30, 30, and 10 μM, respectively, without causing cytotoxicity. In particular, 1 and 4 showed relatively potent activities, which were comparable to that of our previously reported perennisoside I.…”

“…6 2.5 and 7-deacetoxy-7α-hydroxygedunin 4, 119. 4 3.1 ; 2 andirolide H 5, 107.8 3.3 at 3 μM ; iii compounds with an α,β-epoxy-g-lactone moiety in the D-ring exhibited higher activity than that with an α,β-unsaturated cyclopentanone moiety 1 17β-hydroxyazadiradione 8, 97. 5 4.3 at 3 μM .…”