Preparation of activated carbon from the residues of the mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production chain for the adsorption of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide

Abstract

The production of the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus occurs on a world scale, where tons are constantly produced. At the same time, this production generates a large amount of waste that needs to be adequately conditioned. Therefore, mushroom residues were used to develop activated carbon for the removal of 2,4-D-the developed adsorbent showed a microporous structure with several spaces on the surface. The FTIR analysis showed that the activated carbon has functional groups such as aromatic rings, carboxylate, hydroxyl. It was found that the optimum adsorption of the 2,4-D occurs at pH 4 and adsorbent dosage of 0.4 g L−1; The equilibrium data were better fitted to the Freundlich model. However, for calculating the thermodynamic parameters, it was considered the Langmuir equilibrium constant (KL). The value of Langmuir Qmax was 241.7 mg g−1 at 298 K. The thermodynamic behavior indicated a spontaneous and favorable, and exothermic. The magnitude of the adsorption enthalpy is in agreement with physical adsorption. System equilibrium was attained before 30 min regardless of 2,4-D concentration. The kinetic curves showed good statistical adjustment to the linear driving force (LDF) model, with capacity values close to the experimental ones (qexp = 194.6 mg g−1; qpred = 187.3 mg g−1), at 100 mg L−1 of 2,4-D. The adsorbent removed up to 70% of the simulated effluent when using the Jacuí river as the sample. Regeneration studies showed that the activated carbon could be used up to 9 times without losing significant efficiency. Last, the process cost production was estimated to be 2.39 USD kg−1 of activated carbon. Therefore, it can be concluded that activated carbon developed from edible mushroom residues is a promising alternative as an adsorbent for the treatment of actual effluents containing 2,4-D herbicide.

Investigation of biochar from Cedrella fissilis applied to the adsorption of atrazine herbicide from an aqueous medium

“…This effect is related to increasing the atrazine concentration gradient, which leads to higher intraparticle mass transfer and external mass transfer rates [65]. This behavior was also reported by Lazarotto et al [13] and Franco et al [65] when using activated carbons to remove 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic and phenol, respectively.…”

“…Thus, it is confirmed that BCC has potential atrazine removal in real water samples. In the study by Lazarotto et al [13], the authors contaminated a water sample from the Jacuí River (Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) with 10 mg L -1 of the 2,4-D herbicide. They verified the removal of 70% using activated charcoal.…”

“…In recent years, several carbonaceous compounds have been successfully used to remove herbicides [13][14][15][16][17][20][21][22][23][24]. The species Cedrella fissilis is used in the wood industry.…”

Adsorption of the First-Line Covid Treatment Analgesic onto Activated Carbon from Residual Pods of Erythrina Speciosa

“…Previous studies confirmed that pyrolysis followed by chemical activation with ZnCl 2 causes morphological changes in materials of plant origin, such as eucalyptus residues (Han et al 2020), olive pits (Baldoni et al 2020), leaves of folium cycas (Kong et al 2020), peanut husks (Georgin et al 2016), seed pods of Jacaranda mimosifolia (Georgin et al 2021), fruit residues from the Ceiba sp. forest species (Franco et al 2021), Diospyros kaki fruit residues (Salomón et al 2022), residues from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lazarotto et al 2021) and residual peel of pitaya fruit (Georgin et al 2022).…”

Beyaz Şapkalı Mantardan (Agaricus Bisporus) Üretilen Aktif Karbon Kullanılarak Sulu Çözeltilerinden Adsorpsiyon ile Metilen Violet Giderimi

“…Yapılan bazı çalışmalarda yüzey alanı ve verim açısından KOH ile aktifleştirme, çeşitli uygulamalarda sodyum hidroksitten daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği tespit edilmiştir (Heidarinejad, 2020) Kültür mantarı yetiştiriciliğinde popüler olan beyaz şapkalı mantarın dünya genelinde sürekli artan miktarda üretimi söz konusudur. Bu üretim, beraberinde büyük miktarda misel ve sap gibi atıkları da meydana getirmektedir (Lazarotto et al, 2021). Bu atıkların AC gibi faydalı bir ürüne dönüştürülmesi ülke ve dünya ekonomisi açısından oldukça değerlidir.…”