Preparation of activated carbon from biomass and its’ applications in water and gas purification, a review

Abstract

Without pure water, it is impossible to survive for any living beings. The ratio of freshwater on our planet is very poor and the demand is increasing with time for the growing population. Furthermore, water is being contaminated by industrial and agricultural activities, pharmaceuticals, technocratic civilization, pesticides, garments, global changes etc. In addition to this, environmental pollution and global warming are swelling due to the greenhouse and harmful gases generated from the dumping and burning of fossil fuel. Addressing these problems, it is necessary to find out the cost-effective and environmental friendly processes to purify the contaminated water and air. Activated carbons (ACs) are one of the best solutions for removing the pollutants from aqueous and atmosphere as it is the carbonaceous materials with a high degree of porosity, well-developed surface area, and distinguished functional groups which are required for elimination of contaminants. The preparations of activated carbon are easy and safe processes, mainly from the pyrolysis or gasification of biomass with heat and/or chemicals. The recycling and regeneration of activated carbon after use are also essential for resource maintenance and environmental safety. Thus, AC can protect the ecosystem in a double direction by purifying the water and air from the pollutants.

Analysis on Preparation, Application, and Recycling of Activated Carbon to Aid in COVID-19 Protection

“…This deposition cause collision in the tarry elements and the pore walls for the hydrocracking of the elements [22]. Table 1 shows the four phases of the carbonization procedure [4].…”

“…Rigid raw materials, like stone coal, suggestively could retain well and may recycle a hundred times. The two methods of recycling AC as follows [4], 1) Thermal Recycling with heat completed in this way,…”

“…Any material which has a high carbon and less inorganic contents can be utilized as the raw resources of activated carbon. Waste biomasses are used mainly for the production of AC with better adsorption capability and adequate mechanical power [4]. Lots of precursors are used for obtaining sufficient activated carbon from waste biomass like Acacia species, paddy straws, coconut, bamboo, bagasse, fruit shell, fruit skins, etc.…”

Efficient Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Zirconium-Based Composite Nanofiber Membranes

“…Such a process is also effective and works over an extensive range of pH values and lower residual concentrations in comparison to other methods [ 18 ]. For these reasons, a list of adsorbents was investigated to evaluate their possible use as de-fluoridating materials, including activated alumina, activated alumina coated silica gel, bone charcoal, tri-calcium phosphate, activated carbon, activated soil sorbent, calcite, activated coconut shell powder, activated sawdust, groundnut shell, serpentine, coffee husk, activated fly ash, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), rice husk, magnesia, defluoron-1, defluoron-2, and so on [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. In general, adsorptive fluoride removal can reach up to 90%, proving that adsorption is a highly efficient technique in this regard in addition to its cost-effectiveness and simplicity.…”

Preparation, Characterization and Utilization of Coconut Adsorbents as a Filter Media for Wastewater Treatment

“…To reduce this, researchers studied the activated carbon production from different agricultural residues such as fruit stones and seeds, shells of walnut, almond, peanut and coconut, coir pith and husk, sugarcane baggase, cotton stalks etc. Among the precursors, coconut shell used as an effective raw material for production of activated carbon due to its high carbon content and low ash content which was widely used as an adsorbent for many applications such as liquid and gas purification, waste water treatment, industrial pollution control, removal of odour, solvent recovery, electrode for capacitors etc [7,8,9,10].…”